304 birta duuban oo ka kooban kiimiko tuubo, Falanqaynta Thermodynamic ee nanosheets graphene covalently iyo non-covalently functionalized in tuubooyinka wareegsan oo qalabaysan turbulators

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304 10*1mm Tuubooyinka birta ah ee ku duuban Shiinaha

Cabbirka: 3/4 inch, 1/2 inch, 1 inch, 3 inch, 2 inch

Dhererka Dhuumaha Cutubka: 6 mitir

Fasalka Birta: 201, 304 IYO 316

Fasalka: 201, 202, 304, 316, 304L, 316 L,

Qalab: BIr aan wasakh lahayn

Xaaladda: Cusub

Nanofluids covalent iyo non-covalent ayaa lagu tijaabiyay tuubooyin wareegsan oo ay ku rakiban yihiin cajalado qalloocan oo leh xaglo helix ah oo ah 45° iyo 90°.Nambarka Reynolds wuxuu ahaa 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000, sifooyinka heerkulbeegga waxaa lagu qiimeeyay 308 K. Qaabka jireed waxaa lagu xalliyay tiro ahaan iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaab laba-beeg ah oo kacsanaan ah (SST k-omega turbulence).Heerarka (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, iyo 0.1 wt.%) ee nanofluids ZNP-SDBS@DV iyo ZNP-COOH@DV ayaa lagu tixgaliyay shaqada.Darbiyada tuubooyinka qalloocan ayaa lagu kululeeyaa heerkul joogto ah oo ah 330 K. Lix qaybood ayaa loo tixgeliyey daraasadda hadda jirta: heerkulka dibadda, heerkulka wareejinta kulaylka, celceliska lambarka Nusselt, isku-dhafka isku-dhafka, luminta cadaadiska, iyo shuruudaha qiimeynta waxqabadka.Labada xaaladoodba (xagalka helix ee 45 ° iyo 90 °), ZNP-SDBS @ DV nanofluid waxay muujisay sifooyinka kuleylka-hydraulic ka sarreeya ZNP-COOH@DV, waxayna ku korodhay jajabka tirada badan, tusaale ahaan, 0.025 wt.iyo 0.05 wt.wuxuu ahaa 1.19 ¥.% iyo 1.26 - 0.1 wt.Labada xaaladoodba (xagalka helix 45 ° iyo 90 °), qiyamka sifooyinka heerkulbeegga marka la isticmaalayo GNP-COOH@DW waa 1.02 ee 0.025% wt., 1.05 ee 0.05% wt.iyo 1.02 ee 0.1% wt.
Heerkulka kulaylku waa aaladda heerkulbeegga 1 loo isticmaalo in lagu wareejiyo kulaylka inta lagu jiro hawlgallada qaboojinta iyo kuleylka.Qalabka kulaylka-haydarooliga ee kuleyliyaha kuleyliyaha ayaa hagaajiya isku-dhafka wareejinta kulaylka waxayna yareeyaan caabbinta dareeraha shaqada.Dhowr habab ayaa la sameeyay si loo hagaajiyo wareejinta kulaylka, oo ay ku jiraan kor u qaadayaasha qaska2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 iyo nanofluids12,13,14,15.Gelida cajaladda qalloocan waa mid ka mid ah hababka ugu guulaha badan ee lagu hagaajinayo kulaylka beddelayaasha kulaylka sababtoo ah fududaynta dayactirka iyo kharashka hooseeya7,16.
Daraasado taxane ah oo tijaabo iyo xisaabin ah, sifooyinka hydrothermal ee isku dhafka nanofluids iyo kulaylka beddelayaasha leh cajalado qalloocan ayaa la darsay.Shaqadii tijaabada ahayd, sifooyinka hydrothermal ee saddex nanofluids macdan ah oo kala duwan (Ag@DW, Fe@DW iyo Cu@DW) ayaa lagu bartay kuleyliyaha cirbadda qalloocan (STT)17.Marka la barbar dhigo tuubada saldhigga, isku xirka kulaylka wareejinta kulaylka ee STT ayaa la hagaajiyay 11% iyo 67%.Nashqada SST waa tan ugu fiican marka laga eego dhinaca dhaqaalaha marka loo eego hufnaanta halbeegga α = β = 0.33.Intaa waxaa dheer, kororka 18.2% ee n ayaa lagu arkay Ag@DW, in kasta oo kororka ugu badan ee khasaaraha cadaadiska uu ahaa kaliya 8.5%.Hababka jireed ee wareejinta kulaylka iyo luminta cadaadiska tuubooyinka xoogga leh ee leh iyo kuwa aan lahayn turbulators ayaa la darsay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qulqulka qulqulaya ee Al2O3@DW nanofluid oo leh qulqulo qasab ah.Celceliska celceliska nusselt nambarka (Nuavg) iyo luminta cadaadiska waxaa lagu arkay Re = 20,000 marka gariiradda gariiradda = 25 mm iyo Al2O3@DW nanofluid 1.6 vol.%.Daraasado shaybaar ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyay si loo barto wareejinta kulaylka iyo sifooyinka luminta cadaadiska ee graphene oxide nanofluids (GO@DW) ee ku qulqulaya tuubooyinka wareegyada ku dhow ee leh WC.Natiijadu waxay muujisay in 0.12 vol%-GO@DW ay kordhisay isku-xidhka wareejinta kulaylka ee ku dhawaad ​​77%.Daraasad kale oo tijaabo ah, nanofluids (TiO2@DW) ayaa loo sameeyay si loo barto sifooyinka kuleyl-haydarooliga ee tuubooyinka dimple ee lagu rakibay cajalado qalloocan20.Waxtarka ugu badnaan ee kulaylka biyaha ee 1.258 ayaa lagu gaaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo 0.15 vol% -TiO2@DW oo ku dhexjira 45° u janjeera dhanka fallaadhaha oo leh cunsur qalloocan oo ah 3.0.Moodooyinka jilitaanka hal-waji-hal iyo laba-waji (isku-dhafan) waxay ku xisaabtamaan socodka iyo kulaylka wareejinta CuO@DW nanofluids ee uruurinta adag ee kala duwan (1-4% vol.%)21.Hufnaanta kulaylka ugu badan ee tuubada lagu geliyo hal cajalad oo qalloocan waa 2.18, iyo tuubada la geliyo laba cajaladood oo isku mid ah shuruudaha isku mid ah waa 2.04 (qaab laba waji ah, Re = 36,000 iyo 4 vol.%).Qulqulka nanofluid ee aan Newtonian ahayn ee karboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) iyo copper oxide (CuO) ee tuubooyinka waaweyn iyo tuubooyinka leh gelinta qalloocan ayaa la darsay.Nuavg waxay muujinaysaa horumar dhan 16.1% (tuubada ugu muhiimsan) iyo 60% (tuubada duuban ee saamiga ah (H/D = 5)).Guud ahaan, saamiga maroojin-ilaa-ribbon ee hoose wuxuu keenaa isugeyn sare oo iskuxiran.Daraasad tijaabo ah, saamaynta tuubbooyinka leh cajalad qalloocan (TT) iyo gariiradaha (VC) ee sifooyinka wareejinta kulaylka iyo isku-dhafka is-burburinta ayaa la bartay iyadoo la adeegsanayo CuO@DW nanofluids.Isticmaalka 0.3 vol.% -CuO@DW at Re = 20,000 waxay suurtogal ka dhigaysaa in la kordhiyo kulaylka ee tuubada VK-2 ilaa ugu badnaan 44.45%.Intaa waxaa dheer, marka la isticmaalayo fiilooyinka lamaanaha ah iyo gariiradda gelinta ee isla xaaladaha xuduudka, isku-dheellitirnaanta khilaafku waxay kordhisaa arrimo 1.17 iyo 1.19 marka loo eego DW.Guud ahaan, waxtarka kulaylka ee nanofluids ee la geliyo gariiradaha ayaa ka wanaagsan kan nanofluids ee la geliyo fiilooyinka go'an.Dabeecadda mugga ee qulqulka qulqulka (MWCNT@DW) nanofluid ayaa lagu daraaseeyay gudaha tuubo toosan oo la geliyo silig wareeg ah.Halbeegyada waxqabadka kulaylku waxay ahaayeen> 1 dhammaan kiisaska, taas oo muujinaysa in isku darka nanofluidics ee gariiradda gariiradda ay hagaajinayso wareejinta kulaylka iyada oo aan la isticmaalin awoodda bamka.Abstract-Dabeecadaha hydrothermal ee kuleyliyaha laba-tuubo oo leh gelisyo kala duwan oo laga sameeyay cajalad V-qaabaysan oo qalloocan oo la beddelay (VcTT) ayaa lagu bartay xaaladaha qulqulka qulqulka ee Al2O3 + TiO2@DW nanofluid.Marka la barbar dhigo DW ee tuubooyinka saldhiga, Nuavg waxa ay leedahay horumar la taaban karo oo ah 132% iyo isku xidhka isku xidhka ilaa 55%.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxtarka tamarta ee Al2O3+TiO2@DW nanocomposite ee kuleyliyaha laba-tuubo26 ayaa laga wada hadlay.Daraasaddooda, waxay ogaadeen in isticmaalka Al2O3 + TiO2@DW iyo TT ay hagaajiyeen waxtarka jimicsiga marka loo eego DW.Ku beddeleyaasha kulaylka tubada ee isku xidhan ee leh turbulators VcTT, Singh iyo Sarkar27 waxay isticmaaleen agabka beddelka wejiga (PCM), oo kala firdhiyey hal/nanocomposite nanofluids (Al2O3@DW oo leh PCM iyo Al2O3 + PCM).Waxay soo sheegeen in wareejinta kulaylka iyo luminta cadaadiska ay kor u kacdo marka isugeynta qallooca ay hoos u dhacdo oo feejignaanta nanoparticle ay korodho.Qodob qoto dheer oo V-notch ah ama qodob ballac yar ayaa ku siin kara wareejinta kulaylka weyn iyo luminta cadaadiska.Intaa waxaa dheer, graphene-platinum (Gr-Pt) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu baaro kulaylka, isku dhaca, iyo guud ahaan heerka jiilka entropy ee tuubooyinka leh 2-TT28 gelinno.Daraasaddoodu waxay muujisay in boqolkiiba ka yar (Gr-Pt) ay si weyn hoos ugu dhigeen jiilka kuleyliyaha marka la barbar dhigo korriinka entropy-ga oo aad u sarreeya.Isku-dhafka Al2O3@MgO nanofluids iyo conical WC ayaa loo tixgelin karaa inay yihiin isku-dhafka wanaagsan, maadaama saamiga kordhay (h / Δp) uu hagaajin karo waxqabadka hydrothermal ee kuleyliyaha laba-tube 29.Qaab nambareed ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qiimeeyo tamarta-badbaadinta iyo waxqabadka deegaanka ee sariflayaasha kulaylka leh nanofluids-garabka ah ee saddexda qaybood ah (THNF) (Al2O3 + graphene + MWCNT) ee la hakiyay DW30.Shuruudaha Qiimaynta Waxqabadka (PEC) ee u dhexeeya 1.42-2.35 awgeed, isku darka Isku-dhafka Turbulizer-ka ee Niyad-jabsan (DTTI) iyo (Al2O3 + Graphene + MWCNT) ayaa loo baahan yahay.
Ilaa hadda, fiiro gaar ah ayaa la siiyay doorka kovalent iyo shaqeyn la'aanta ku jirta socodka hydrodynamic ee dareerayaasha kulaylka.Ujeedada gaarka ah ee daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in la isbarbar dhigo sifooyinka kuleylka-hydraulic ee nanofluids (ZNP-SDBS@DV) iyo (ZNP-COOH@DV) ee dhejisyada cajaladaha qalloocan ee leh xaglaha helix ee 45 ° iyo 90 °.Qalabka heerkulbeegga waxaa lagu qiyaasay Tin = 308 K. Xaaladdan oo kale, saddex jajab oo tiro badan ayaa la tixgeliyey habka isbarbardhigga, sida (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% iyo 0.1 wt.%).Wareejinta cadaadiska xiiridda ee qaabka qulqulka qulqulka qulqulka ee 3D (SST k-ω) ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo xalliyo sifooyinka kuleylka-hydraulic.Sidaa daraadeed, daraasaddan ayaa wax weyn ka tari doonta daraasadda sifooyinka wanaagsan (wareejinta kulaylka) iyo sifooyinka xun (hoos u dhaca cadaadiska), oo muujinaya sifooyinka kulaylka-hydraulic iyo hagaajinta dareeraha shaqada dhabta ah ee hababka injineernimada.
Qaabeynta aasaasiga ah waa tuubo siman (L = 900 mm iyo Dh = 20 mm).Cabirrada cajaladda qalloocan ee la geliyey (dhererka = 20 mm, dhumucda = 0.5 mm, profile = 30 mm).Xaaladdan oo kale, dhererka, ballaca, iyo istaroogga ee profile spiral waxay ahaayeen 20 mm, 0.5 mm, iyo 30 mm, siday u kala horreeyaan.Cajalada qalloocan waxay u janjeeraan 45° iyo 90°.Dheecaanno shaqo oo kala duwan sida DW, nanofluids-ka aan-kooxaha lahayn (GNF-SDBS@DW) iyo nanofluids covalent (GNF-COOH@DW) ee Tin = 308 K, saddex ururin tiro badan oo kala duwan iyo lambarrada Reynolds ee kala duwan.Tijaabooyinka waxaa lagu sameeyay gudaha kulaylka.Darbiga dibadda ee tuubada wareega ayaa lagu kululeeyay heerkul joogto ah oo dusha sare ah oo ah 330 K si loo tijaabiyo cabbirrada hagaajinta kulaylka.
On berde.1 qaab ahaan waxa uu u muujinayaa tuubo galinta cajal qalloocan oo leh shuruudo xuduud ah iyo aag meed.Sidaan hore u soo sheegnay, xawaaraha iyo xaaladaha xadka cadaadisku waxay khuseeyaan qaybaha gelitaanka iyo ka bixista Helix-ka.Heerkulka dusha sare ee joogtada ah, xaalad aan simbiriirixan lahayn ayaa lagu soo rogay derbiga tuubada.Jilitaanka nambarada hadda waxay isticmaashaa xal cadaadis ku salaysan.Isla mar ahaantaana, barnaamijka (ANSYS FLUENT 2020R1) ayaa loo isticmaalaa in loogu beddelo isla'egta qayb ahaan kala duwanaanshaha (PDE) loona beddelo nidaamka isla'egta aljabrada iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka mugga xaddidan (FMM).Habka-SIMPLE-dalab-labaad (habka badh-madhan ee isla'egyada ku-tiirsanaanta cadaadiska-ku-tiirsanaanta) waxay la xidhiidhaa xawaaraha-cadaadiska.Waa in la caddeeyo in isku-darka haraaga ee isle'egyada tirada, dardargelinta, iyo tamarta ay ka yar tahay 103 iyo 106, siday u kala horreeyaan.
p Jaantuska qaybaha jirka iyo xisaabinta: (a) xagasha helix 90°, (b) xagal helix 45°, (c) ma laha daab helical ah.
Qaab isku mid ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo sharaxo sifooyinka nanofluids.Marka lagu daro nanomaterials ee dareeraha salka (DW), dareere joogto ah oo leh sifooyin kulayl aad u fiican ayaa la sameeyay.Marka la eego, heerkulka iyo xawaaraha dareeraha salka iyo nanomaterial waxay leeyihiin qiimo isku mid ah.Aragtiyada sare iyo malo-awaalka awgood, socodka wax-ku-oolka ah ee hal-waji ayaa ka shaqeeya daraasaddan.Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa muujiyay waxtarka iyo ku dhaqanka farsamooyinka hal-waji ee socodka nanofluidic31,32.
Socodka nanofluids waa inuu noqdaa mid Newtonian ah oo qalalan, aan la koobi karin oo taagan.Shaqada isku-buufinta iyo kuleylinta viscous ayaan khusayn daraasaddan.Intaa waxaa dheer, dhumucda derbiyada gudaha iyo dibadda ee tuubada aan la tixgelin.Sidaa darteed, miisaanka, xawliga, iyo isla'egyada ilaalinta tamarta ee qeexaya qaabka kulaylka waxaa lagu muujin karaa sida soo socota:
halka \(\ overrightarrow {V} \) uu yahay celceliska xawaaraha celceliska, Keff = K + Kt waa kulaylka waxtarka leh ee nanofluids covalent iyo noncovalent, iyo ε waa heerka daadinta tamarta.Tilmaamaha thermophysical ee waxtarka leh ee nanofluids, oo ay ku jiraan cufnaanta (ρ), viscosity (μ), awoodda kulaylka gaarka ah (Cp) iyo kulaylka kuleylka (k), ee lagu muujiyay miiska, ayaa lagu qiyaasay inta lagu jiro daraasad tijaabo ah oo heerkul ah 308 K1 markii la isticmaalay. jilayaashan.
Sawirro tiro badan oo qulqulka nanofluid-ka ee qulqulka caadiga ah iyo tuubooyinka TT ayaa lagu sameeyay nambarada Reynolds 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Sawirradan iyo isku-beegyada wareejinta kulaylka ayaa la falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaabka Mentor's κ-ω turbulence ee wareejinta cadaadiska xiirid (SST) celcelis ahaan model Navier-Stokes, oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo cilmi-baarista hawada.Intaa waxaa dheer, qaabku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa iyada oo aan shaqeyn darbiga oo sax ah u dhow darbiyada 35,36.(SST) κ-ω isle'egyada xukuma isla'egta qaska waa sida soo socota:
halka \ (S \) ay tahay qiimaha cadaadiska, iyo \ (y \) waa masaafada dusha ku xigta.Dhanka kale, \({\alpha}_{1}\), \({\alpha}_{2}\), \({\beta}_{1}\), \({\beta}_{ 2 }\), \({\beta}^{*}\), \({\sigma}_{{k}_{1}}\), \({\sigma}_{{k}_{ 2 }}\), \({\sigma}_{{\omega}_{1}}\) iyo \({\sigma}_{{\omega}_{2}}\) waxay muujinayaan dhamaan moodooyinka joogtada ah.F1 iyo F2 waa hawlo isku dhafan.Xusuusin: F1 = 1 ee lakabka xadka, 0 socodka soo socda.
Halbeegyada qiimaynta hawlqabadka waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu barto wareejinta kulaylka qulqulaya ee qaska leh, qulqulka nanofluid kovalent iyo non-covalent, tusaale31:
Xaaladdan oo kale, (\(\rho \)), (\(v\)), (\({D}_{h}\)) iyo (\(\mu \)) ayaa loo isticmaalaa cufnaanta, xawaaraha dareeraha. , dhexroorka haydarooliga iyo viscosity firfircoon.({C}_{p}Sidoo kale, (\(\dot{m}\)) waxa ay tilmaamaysaa qulqulka tirada badan, iyo ({T}_{out}-{T}_{in}\)) waxa loola jeedaa kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka gudaha iyo dibadda.(NFs) waxaa loola jeedaa nanofluids covalent, non-comvalent nanofluids, iyo (DW) waxaa loola jeedaa biyaha la miiray (dheecaanka salka).\({A}_{s} = \pi DL\), \({\overline{T}}_{f}=\frac{\bidix({T}_{out}-{T}_{in) }\right)}{2}\) iyo \({\overline{T}}_{w}=\sum \frac{{T}_{w}}{n}\).
Sifooyinka heerkulbeegga ee dareeraha saldhigga (DW), nanofluid aan-kooxeed lahayn (GNF-SDBS@DW), iyo nanofluid kovalent (GNF-COOH@DW) ayaa laga soo qaatay suugaanta la daabacay (daraasaadka tijaabada), Sn = 308 K, sida lagu muujiyey Shaxda 134. Imtixaanka caadiga ah si loo helo nanofluid aan-kooxeed ahayn (GNP-SDBS@DW) nanofluid oo leh boqolkiiba tiro la yaqaan, garaamyada GNP-yada aasaasiga ah ayaa markii hore lagu miisaamay dheelitirka dhijitaalka ah.Saamiga miisaanka SDBS/GNP dhaladka ah waa (0.5:1) lagu miisaamay DW.Xaaladdan oo kale, covalent (COOH-GNP @ DW) nanofluids ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo lagu darayo kooxaha karboksyl ee dusha sare ee GNP iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhexdhexaad ah acidic adag oo leh saamiga mugga (1: 3) ee HNO3 iyo H2SO4.Nanofluids covalent iyo non-covalent ayaa la hakiyey DW saddex miisaan oo kala duwan sida 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt%.iyo 0.1% tirada guud.
Tijaabooyin madax-bannaanida mesh ayaa lagu fuliyay afar qaybood oo xisaabeed oo kala duwan si loo hubiyo in cabbirka mesh uusan saameyn ku yeelan jilitaanka.Haddii ay dhacdo 45 ° torsion tube, tirada unug ee cabbirka halbeegga 1.75 mm waa 249,033, tirada cutubyada leh cabbirka 2 mm waa 307,969, tirada unugga cabbirka 2.25 mm waa 421,406, tirada unugyada iyada oo cabbirkeedu yahay 2.5 mm 564 940 siday u kala horreeyaan.Intaa waxaa dheer, tusaale ahaan tuubo 90 ° ah oo qalloocan, tirada curiyeyaasha leh cabbirka 1.75 mm waa 245,531, tirada curiyeyaasha leh cabbirka 2 mm waa 311,584, tirada curiyeyaasha leh cabbirka 2.25 mm waa 2.25 mm. 422,708, iyo tirada curiyeyaasha leh cabbirka curiyaha ee 2.5 mm siday u kala horreeyaan waa 573,826.Saxnaanta akhrinta hantida kulaylka sida (Tout, htc, iyo Nuavg) way korodhaa marka tirada curiyayaasha ay yaraato.Isla mar ahaantaana, saxnaanta qiyamka isku-dhafka is-burburinta iyo cadaadiska cadaadiska ayaa muujiyay dabeecad gebi ahaanba ka duwan (Jaantus 2).Grid (2) ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii aagga shabaqlaha ugu weyn si loo qiimeeyo sifooyinka kuleyl-haydarooliga ee kiiska la ekaysiiyay.
Tijaabinta wareejinta kulaylka iyo hoos u dhigista cadaadiska si ka madax banaan mesh iyadoo la adeegsanayo lammaane tuubooyinka DW oo ku qalloocan 45° iyo 90°.
Natiijooyinka nambarada hadda jira waxaa loo ansaxiyay waxqabadka wareejinta kulaylka iyo isugeynta is jiid-jiidka iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-xirnaanta dhabta ah ee caanka ah iyo isla'egyada sida Dittus-Belter, Petukhov, Gnelinsky, Notter-Rouse iyo Blasius.Isbarbardhigga waxaa lagu sameeyay xaalad 7000≤Re≤17000.Sida laga soo xigtay fig.3, celceliska iyo khaladaadka ugu badan ee u dhexeeya natiijooyinka jilitaanka iyo isku dheelitirka wareejinta kulaylku waa 4.050 iyo 5.490% (Dittus-Belter), 9.736 iyo 11.33% (Petukhov), 4.007 iyo 7.483% (Gnelinsky), iyo 3.883% iyo 4.9 Nott-Belter).Rose).Xaaladdan oo kale, celceliska iyo khaladaadka ugu badan ee u dhexeeya natiijooyinka jilitaanka iyo isla'egta isbarbardhigga isku-dhafka ah waa 7.346% iyo 8.039% (Blasius) iyo 8.117% iyo 9.002% (Petukhov), siday u kala horreeyaan.
Wareejinta kulaylka iyo sifooyinka hydrodynamic ee DW ee nambarada Reynolds ee kala duwan iyadoo la adeegsanayo xisaabinta tirooyinka iyo isku xirnaanta la taaban karo.
Qaybtani waxa ay ka hadlaysaa sifooyinka kulaylka ee non-covalent (LNP-SDBS) iyo covalent (LNP-COOH) nanofluids aqueous saddex qaybood oo kala duwan iyo tirada Reynolds sida celcelis ahaan marka loo eego dareeraha salka (DW).Laba joomateri oo ah beddelayaasha kulaylka suunka duuban (xagalka helix 45° iyo 90°) ayaa lagaga hadlay 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Bardaha.4 waxay tusinaysaa celceliska heerkulka marka laga baxo nanofluid ee dareeraha saldhiga (\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{NFs}}{{{T}_{out}}_{out}}_{ DW}} \)) at (0.025% wt., 0.05% wt. iyo 0.1% wt.).(\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{NFs}}{{{T}_{out}}_{DW}}\)) had iyo jeer wuu ka yar yahay 1, taas oo macnaheedu yahay heerkulka ka soo baxa waa non-covalent (VNP-SDBS) iyo nanofluids covalent (VNP-COOH) waxay ka hooseeyaan heerkulka meesha dareeraha saldhigga ah.Hoos u dhaca ugu hooseeya iyo kan ugu sarreeya ayaa ahaa 0.1 wt%-COOH@GNPs iyo 0.1 wt%-SDBS@GNPs, siday u kala horreeyaan.Dhacdadani waxay sabab u tahay kororka nambarka Reynolds ee jajabka joogtada ah, taas oo keenta isbeddel ku yimaada sifooyinka nanofluid (taas oo ah, cufnaanta iyo viscosity firfircoon).
Jaantusyada 5 iyo 6 waxay muujinayaan celceliska dabeecadaha wareejinta kulaylka ee nanofluid ilaa dareeraha salka (DW) ee (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% iyo 0.1 wt.%).Celcelis ahaan guryaha wareejinta kulaylku had iyo jeer way ka weyn yihiin 1, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in sifooyinka wareejinta kulaylka ee non-covalent (LNP-SDBS) iyo covalent (LNP-COOH) nanofluids la wanaajiyey marka la barbar dhigo dareeraha saldhigga.0.1 wt% -COOH@GNPs iyo 0.1 wt% -SDBS@GNPs waxay gaadheen faa'iidada ugu hoosaysa iyo tan ugu saraysa, siday u kala horreeyaan.Marka nambarka Reynolds uu kordho sababtoo ah isku-dhafka dareeraha badan iyo qaska tuubada 1, waxqabadka wareejinta kulaylku wuu fiicnaanayaa.Dheecaannada soo mara daldaloolo yaryar waxay gaadhaan xawli sare, taasoo keenta lakab khafiif ah oo xawli / kulayl, kaas oo kordhiya heerka wareejinta kulaylka.Ku darista nanoparticles dheeraad ah dareeraha saldhigga waxay yeelan kartaa labadaba natiijooyin togan iyo kuwo taban.Saamaynta waxtarka leh waxaa ka mid ah shilalka nanoparticle oo kordhay, shuruudaha kulaylka dareeraha wanaagsan, iyo wareejinta kulaylka oo la xoojiyey.
Isku xidhka wareejinta kulaylka ee nanofluid ilaa dareeraha salka iyadoo ku xidhan lambarka Reynolds ee 45° iyo 90° tuubooyinka.
Isla mar ahaantaana, saameyn xun ayaa ah kororka dhaqdhaqaaqa firfircoon ee nanofluid, kaas oo yareynaya dhaqdhaqaaqa nanofluid, taas oo yareyneysa celceliska lambarka Nusselt (Nuavg).Korodhka kulaylka kulaylka ee nanofluids (ZNP-SDBS@DW) iyo (ZNP-COOH@DW) waa inay sabab u tahay dhaqdhaqaaqa Brownian iyo microconvection ee nanoparticles graphene oo la hakiyay DW37.Heerarka kulaylka ee nanofluid (ZNP-COOH@DV) ayaa ka sarreeya kan nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS@DV) iyo biyaha la miiray.Ku darista nanomaterials dheeraad ah dareeraha saldhigga waxay kordhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa kulaylka (Shaxda 1)38.
Jaantuska 7 waxa uu muujinayaa isku celceliska isku dhafka nanofluids ee leh dareeraha salka (DW) (f(NFs)/f(DW)) ee boqolkiiba tirada guud (0.025%, 0.05% iyo 0.1%).Celcelis ahaan isku-dhafka is-daba-joogga ah had iyo jeer waa ≈1, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in aan-kooxaha ahayn (GNF-SDBS@DW) iyo kovalent (GNF-COOH@DW) nanofluids waxay leeyihiin isku-dhafan isku mid ah sida dareeraha saldhigga.Kuleyliyaha kulaylka leh ee boos yar wuxuu abuuraa xannibaad badan wuxuuna kordhiyaa qulqulka qulqulka1.Asal ahaan, isku-dhafka khilaafku wuxuu kordhiyaa wax yar iyadoo ay sii kordhayso jajabka tirada badan ee nanofluid.Khasaaraha sarreeya ee is-jiidhka ah waxaa sababa kororka viscosity-ka firfircoon ee nanofluid-ka iyo cadaadiska xiirid ee kordhay ee dusha sare leh oo leh boqolkiiba tiro badan oo nanographene ah oo ku jira dareeraha saldhigga.Shaxda (1) waxay muujineysaa in viscosity firfircoon ee nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) uu ka sarreeyo kan nanofluid (ZNP-COOH @ DV) ee isla miisaanka boqolkiiba, kaas oo la xidhiidha kordhinta saamaynta dusha sare.wakiilada firfircoon ee nanofluid aan kovalent ahayn.
On berde.8 wuxuu muujinayaa nanofluid marka la barbar dhigo dareeraha salka (DW) (\(\frac{{\Delta P}_{NFs}}{{\Delta P}_{DW}})) at (0.025%, 0.05% iyo 0.1% ).Nanofluid-ka non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluid wuxuu muujiyay celceliska luminta cadaadiska sare, iyo korodhka boqolkiiba tirada guud ilaa 2.04% 0.025% wt., 2.46% ee 0.05% wt.iyo 3.44% ee 0.1% wt.oo leh kiis balaadhinta (xagalka helix 45° iyo 90°).Dhanka kale, nanofluid (GNPs-COOH@DW) waxay muujisay hoos u dhac cadaadis cadaadis ah, oo ka kordhay 1.31% at 0.025% wt.ilaa 1.65% ilaa 0.05% wt.Celceliska luminta cadaadiska 0.05 wt.% -COOH@NP iyo 0.1 wt.% -COOH@NP waa 1.65%.Sida la arki karo, hoos u dhaca cadaadiska wuxuu kordhiyaa tirada Re ee kiisaska oo dhan.Hoos u dhaca cadaadiska ee sare ee qiimaha Re waxaa lagu muujiyay ku tiirsanaanta tooska ah ee socodka mugga.Sidaa darteed, nambarka Re-ga sare ee tuubada wuxuu keenaa hoos u dhac cadaadis sare ah, kaas oo u baahan kororka awoodda bamka39,40.Intaa waxaa dheer, khasaaraha cadaadiska ayaa sarreeya sababtoo ah xoojinta sare ee eddies iyo qalalaasaha ka soo baxa aagga weyn ee dusha sare, taas oo kordhisa isdhexgalka cadaadiska iyo xoogga isdhexgalka ee lakabka xadka1.
Guud ahaan, shuruudaha qiimaynta waxqabadka (PEC) ee kuwa aan wada shaqaynayn (VNP-SDBS@DW) iyo nanofluids (VNP-COOH@DW) ayaa lagu muujiyay berdihii.9. Nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS@DV) waxay muujisay qiyamka PEC ee ka sarreeya (ZNP-COOH@DV) labada xaaladoodba (xagalka helix 45 ° iyo 90 °) waxaana lagu hagaajiyay iyadoo la kordhinayo jajabka ballaaran, tusaale ahaan, 0.025 wt.%.waa 1.17, 0.05 wt.% waa 1.19 iyo 0.1 wt.% waa 1.26.Dhanka kale, qiimaha PEC ee isticmaalaya nanofluids (GNPs-COOH@DW) waxay ahaayeen 1.02 0.025 wt%, 1.05 ee 0.05 wt%, 1.05 ee 0.1 wt%.labada xaaladoodba (xagalka helix 45° iyo 90°).1.02.Sida caadiga ah, korodhka tirada Reynolds, waxtarka kulaylka-hydraulic ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacaya.Marka tirada Reynolds korodho, hoos u dhaca waxtarka kuleyl-haydarooliga kuleylku wuxuu si nidaamsan ula xiriiriyaa kororka (NuNFs/NuDW) iyo hoos u dhac (fNFs/fDW).
Sifooyinka Hydrothermal ee nanofluids marka la eego dareeraha salka ku haya tirooyinka Reynolds ee tuubooyinka leh 45° iyo 90°.
Qaybtani waxa ay ka hadlaysaa sifooyinka kulaylka ee biyaha (DW), non-covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW), iyo covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids ee saddex ururo tiro badan oo kala duwan iyo lambarada Reynolds.Laba suunka kuleyliyaha kuleyliyaha ah ee isku xiran ayaa loo tixgeliyey inta u dhexeysa 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000 marka loo eego tuubooyinka caadiga ah ( xaglaha helix 45 ° iyo 90 °) si loo qiimeeyo celceliska waxqabadka kulaylka-hydraulic.On berde.10 waxay tusinaysaa heerkulka biyaha iyo nanofluids halka laga soo baxo celcelis ahaan iyadoo la isticmaalayo (xagalka helix 45° iyo 90°) ee tuubada caadiga ah (\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}}{{ {T} _{out}_{ joogto ah}} \)).Non-covalent (GNP-SDBS@DW) iyo covalent (GNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids waxay leeyihiin saddex jajab oo miisaan oo kala duwan sida 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% iyo 0.1 wt%.Sida ku cad fig.11, celceliska qiimaha heerkulka ka soo baxa (\(\frac {{{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}}{{{T}_{out}}_{Plain}} \)) > 1, taas oo muujinaysa in (45° iyo 90° xagal helix) heerkulka ka soo baxa kulaylku uu aad uga muhiimsan yahay kan tuubada caadiga ah, sababtoo ah xoojinta qaska iyo isku dhafka si fiican ee dareeraha.Intaa waxaa dheer, heerkulka ka soo baxa DW, nanofluids aan kovalent iyo covalent hoos u dhacay tirada Reynolds kordhaysa.Dheecaanka salka (DW) ayaa leh heerkulka celceliska ugu sarreeya.Dhanka kale, qiimaha ugu hooseeya waxaa loola jeedaa 0.1 wt% -SDBS@GNPs.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluids waxay muujiyeen celcelis ahaan heerkul hoose oo ka soo baxa marka la barbar dhigo covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.Maadaama cajaladda qalloocan ay ka dhigayso goobta qulqulka mid isku dhafan, kuleylka gidaarka dhow wuxuu si sahlan u dhex mari karaa dareeraha, kordhinta heerkulka guud.Saamiga hoose ee maroojin-ilaa-cajalad waxay keentaa dhexgalka wanaagsan oo markaa wareejinta kulaylka wanaagsan.Dhanka kale, waxaa la arki karaa in cajaladda duuban ay ku ilaaliso heerkulka hoose ee derbiga, taas oo kordhinaysa Nuavg.Galinta cajaladaha qalloocan, qiimaha sare ee Nuavg wuxuu muujinayaa wareejinta kulaylka convective ee soo hagaagtay gudaha tube22.Sababo la xiriira jidka socodka oo kordhay iyo isku dhafka dheeraadka ah iyo qalalaasaha, wakhtiga degenaanshaha ayaa kordha, taasoo keentay kororka heerkulka dareeraha ee meesha laga baxo41.
Tirada Reynolds ee nanofluids kala duwan marka loo eego heerkulka ka soo baxa tuubooyinka caadiga ah (45° iyo 90° xaglaha helix).
Isku-duwayaasha wareejinta kulaylka (45° iyo 90° xagal helix) oo ka soo horjeeda nambarada Reynolds ee nanofluids kala duwan marka loo eego tuubooyinka caadiga ah.
Habka ugu muhiimsan ee wareejinta kulaylka duuban ee la xoojiyey waa sida soo socota: 1. Yaraynta dhexroorka hydraulic ee tuubada isweydaarsiga kulaylka waxay keenaysaa korodhka xawaaraha socodka iyo qalooca, taas oo kor u qaadeysa cadaadiska dhogorta ee derbiga waxayna kor u qaadaa dhaqdhaqaaqa labaad.2. Sababtoo ah xannibaadda cajaladda dabaysha, xawaaraha gidaarka tuubada ayaa kor u kaca, dhumucda lakabka xuduudaha ayaa hoos u dhacaya.3. Qulqulka wareega ee ka dambeeya suunka qalloocan ayaa horseedaya kororka xawaaraha.4. Xuubka la kiciyay waxay hagaajiyaan isku dhafka dareeraha ee gobollada dhexe iyo kuwa u dhow ee socodka42.On berde.11 iyo fig.12 waxay muujinaysaa sifooyinka wareejinta kulaylka ee DW iyo nanofluids, tusaale ahaan (isku-xidhka wareejinta kulaylka iyo celceliska lambarka Nusselt) celcelis ahaan iyadoo la isticmaalayo tuubooyinka galinta qalloocan marka loo eego tuubooyinka caadiga ah.Non-covalent (GNP-SDBS@DW) iyo covalent (GNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids waxay leeyihiin saddex jajab oo miisaan oo kala duwan sida 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% iyo 0.1 wt%.Labada kuleyliyaha kuleyliyaha (45 ° iyo 90 ° xagal helix) celceliska waxqabadka wareejinta kulaylku waa> 1, taas oo muujinaysa hagaajinta isku-xidhka wareejinta kulaylka iyo celceliska lambarka Nusselt ee leh tuubooyinka duuban marka loo eego tuubooyinka caadiga ah.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluids waxay muujiyeen celcelis ahaan hagaajinta wareejinta kulaylka marka loo eego covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.Re = 900, 0.1 wt% hagaajinta waxqabadka wareejinta kulaylka -SDBS@GNPs ee labada kulayl-is-weydaarsiga (45 ° iyo 90 ° xagal helix) ayaa ahaa kan ugu sarreeya oo leh 1.90.Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in saamaynta TP-da labbiska ahi ay aad uga muhiimsan tahay xawaaraha dareeraha hoose (lambarka Reynolds)43 iyo kordhinta xoojinta qalalaasaha.Sababo la xiriira soo bandhigida wareegyada badan, isku xirka kulaylka wareejinta kulaylka iyo celceliska tirada Nusselt ee tuubooyinka TT ayaa ka sarreeya tuubooyinka caadiga ah, taasoo keentay lakabka xadka khafiifka ah.Joogitaanka HP miyay kordhisaa xoojinta qalalaasaha, isku darka qulqulka dareeraha shaqada iyo wareejinta kulaylka oo la xoojiyey marka la barbar dhigo tuubooyinka salka (iyada oo aan la gelin cajalad qalloocan)21.
Celceliska lambarka Nusselt (xagalka helix 45° iyo 90°) iyo lambarka Reynolds ee noocyada kala duwan ee nanofluids marka loo eego tuubooyinka caadiga ah.
Jaantusyada 13 iyo 14 waxay muujinayaan isku celceliska isku xidhka khilaafku (\(\frac{{f}_{Twisted}}{{f}_{Plain}} \)) iyo cadaadis luminta (\(\frac{{\Delta P} _ {Twisted}}{{\Delta P}_{Plain}}\}} qiyaastii 45° iyo 90° ee tubooyinka caadiga ah ee isticmaalaya DW nanofluids, (GNPs-SDBS@DW) iyo (GNPs-COOH@DW) ( 0.025 wt %, 0.05 wt % iyo 0.1 wt %). {{f}_{Plain} }\)) iyo luminta cadaadiska (\(\frac{{ \Delta P}_{Twisted}}{{\Delta P }_{Plain}}\}) hoos u dhaca xaaladaha, isku xidhka isku xidhka iyo luminta cadaadiska ayaa ka sarreeya tirooyinka hoose ee Reynolds Celceliska isku xidhka isku xidhka iyo luminta cadaadiska waxay u dhexeeyaan 3.78 iyo 3.12 xagal iyo 90°) kulaylka sarifka saddex jeer ayuu ka badan yahay tuubooyinka caadiga ah.Intaas waxaa dheer, marka dareeraha shaqadu uu ku socdo xawaare sare, isku xidhka isku-xidhka ayaa yaraada. hoos u dhac ku yimaada, taas oo keenta hoos u dhaca saamaynta viscosity firfircoon ee aagga ay dhibaatadu saameysey, hoos u dhac ku yimaadda xawaaraha xawaaraha iyo cadaadiska xiirid iyo, sidaas awgeed, hoos u dhac ku yimaada isku-dhafka is-burburinta21.Saamaynta xannibaadda oo la roonaaday iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay joogitaanka TT iyo kor u kaca isbeddelku waxay keenaysaa khasaare aad u sarreeya oo cadaadis ah oo ku yimaadda tuubooyinka TT ee kala duwan marka loo eego tuubooyinka saldhigga.Intaa waxaa dheer, labadaba tuubada saldhigga iyo tuubada TT, waxaa la arki karaa in cadaadiska cadaadiska uu kordho xawaaraha dareeraha shaqada43.
Isku-dhafan isku-dhafan (45° iyo 90° xagal helix) oo ka soo horjeeda lambarka Reynolds ee nanofluids kala duwan marka loo eego tuubooyinka caadiga ah.
Luminta cadaadiska (45° iyo 90° xagal helix) sida shaqada lambarka Reynolds ee nanofluids kala duwan marka loo eego tuubada caadiga ah.
Marka la soo koobo, Jaantuska 15 wuxuu muujinayaa shuruudaha qiimaynta waxqabadka (PEC) ee kulaylka beddelayaasha leh 45° iyo 90° marka la barbar dhigo tuubooyinka cad (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}} \ )) gudaha (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% iyo 0.1 wt.%) isticmaalaya DV, (VNP-SDBS@DV) iyo covalent (VNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids.Qiimaha (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\))> 1 labada xaaladoodba (45° iyo 90° xagal helix)Intaa waxaa dheer, (\ (\frac {{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}} \)) wuxuu gaarayaa qiimihiisii ​​ugu fiicnaa Re = 11,000.Kulaylka 90° waxa uu muujinaya koror yar oo ah (\ (\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\)) marka la barbar dhigo 45° kul beddeliyaha., At Re = 11,000 0.1 wt%-GNPs@SDBS waxay u taagan tahay sare iyo 1.27 ee 90° isweydaarsiga kulaylka geeska.Way ka badan tahay hal boqolkiiba dhammaan jajabyada tirada badan, taas oo muujinaysa in tuubooyinka leh cajalado qalloocan ay ka sarreeyaan tuubooyinka caadiga ah.Waxaa xusid mudan, wareejinta kulaylka ee la wanaajiyay ee ay bixiyeen cajaladaha la galiyay waxay keentay koror weyn oo ku yimaadda khasaaraha is jiid-jiidka22.
Shuruudaha waxtarka leh ee tirada Reynolds ee nanofluids kala duwan ee la xidhiidha tuubooyinka caadiga ah (45° iyo 90° xagal helix).
Lifaaqa A wuxuu muujinayaa qulqulka 45° iyo 90° ku beddelayaasha kulaylka Re = 7000 iyadoo la isticmaalayo DW, 0.1 wt% -GNP-SDBS@DW iyo 0.1 wt% -GNP-COOH@DW.Xajmiga diyaaradda transverse waa muuqaalka ugu cajiibsan ee saamaynta galinta ribbon ee qulqulka ugu weyn.Isticmaalka kulaylka 45° iyo 90° waxay tusinaysaa in xawaaraha gobolka gidaarka dhow uu isku mid yahay.Dhanka kale, Lifaaqa B wuxuu muujinayaa wareegyada xawaaraha 45° iyo 90° kulaylka beddelayaasha Re = 7000 iyadoo la isticmaalayo DW, 0.1 wt% -GNP-SDBS@DW iyo 0.1 wt% -GNP-COOH@DW.Xawaaruhu waxay ku yaalaan saddex meelood oo kala duwan (qaybo), tusaale ahaan, Plain-1 (P1 = -30mm), Plain-4 (P4 = 60mm) iyo Plain-7 (P7 = 150mm).Xawaaraha socodka ee u dhow gidaarka dhuunta ayaa ah kan ugu hooseeya waxaana xawaaraha dareeruhu uu kor ugu kacaa bartamaha tuubada.Intaa waxaa dheer, marka la marayo marinka hawada, aagga xawaaraha hooseeya ee u dhow darbiga ayaa kordha.Tani waxay sabab u tahay koritaanka lakabka xuduudaha hydrodynamic, kaas oo kordhiya dhumucda gobolka xawaaraha hooseeya ee u dhow derbiga.Intaa waxaa dheer, kordhinta nambarka Reynolds waxay kordhisaa heerka xawaaraha guud ee dhammaan qaybaha isdhaafka ah, taas oo hoos u dhigaysa dhumucda gobolka xawaaraha hooseeya ee kanaalka39.
Nanosheets graphene oo isku xidhan iyo mid aan shaqaynayn ayaa lagu qiimeeyay cajalado qalloocan oo leh xaglo helix ah oo ah 45° iyo 90°.Heerarka kulaylka waxaa lagu xalliyaa tiro ahaan iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaabka SST k-omega turbulence model at 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Qalabka heerkulbeegga waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa Tin = 308 K. Isla mar ahaantaana kuleyli gidaarka tuubada qalloocan heerkul joogto ah 330 K. COOH@DV) waxaa lagu qasi jiray saddex xadi oo ballaaran, tusaale ahaan (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% iyo 0.1 wt.%).Daraasadda hadda jirta waxay tixgelisay lix arrimood oo waaweyn: heerkulka bannaanka, isku-xidhka wareejinta kulaylka, celceliska lambarka Nusselt, isku-dhafka khilaaf, luminta cadaadiska, iyo shuruudaha qiimaynta waxqabadka.Waa kuwan natiijooyinka ugu waaweyn:
Celceliska heerkulka ka soo baxa (\({{T}_{out}}_{Nanofluids}\)/\({T}_{out}}_{Basefluid})) had iyo jeer wuu ka yar yahay 1, taas macnaheedu waa aan faafin Heerkulka ka soo baxa valence (ZNP-SDBS@DV) iyo covalent (ZNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids ayaa ka hooseeya kan dareeraha salka.Dhanka kale, celceliska heerkulka ka soo baxa (\({{T}_{out}}_{maroojis}\)/\({{T}_{out}}_{Plain}\)) qiimaha> 1, taasoo muujinaysa Xaqiiqda ah in (45° iyo 90° xagal helix) heerkulka ka baxa uu ka sareeyo tuubooyinka caadiga ah.
Labada xaaladoodba, celceliska qiyamka guryaha kulaylka wareejinta (nanofluid / dareeraha saldhiga) iyo (tuubo qalloocan / tuubada caadiga ah) had iyo jeer waxay muujiyaan> 1.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluids waxay muujiyeen koror celcelis sare ah ee wareejinta kulaylka, oo u dhiganta covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.
Isku celceliska isku xidhka is jiid jiidka (\({f}_{Nanofluids}/{f}_{Basefluid}\)) ee aan covalent ahayn (VNP-SDBS@DW) iyo covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids had iyo jeer waa ≈1 .is jiid-jiidka aan-kooxeed ahayn (ZNP-SDBS@DV) iyo covalent (ZNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids (\({f}_{Twisted}/{f}_{Plain}\)) had iyo jeer > 3.
Labada xaaladoodba (45° iyo 90° xagal helix), nanofluids (GNPs-SDBS@DW) waxay muujiyeen sare (\({\Delta P}_{Nanofluids}/{\Delta P}_{Basefluid}\)) 0.025 wt .% 2.04%, 0.05 wt.% 2.46% iyo 0.1 wt.% ee 3.44%.Dhanka kale, (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids waxay muujiyeen hoos ({\Delta P}_{Nanofluids}/{\Delta P}_{Basefluid}\)) laga bilaabo 1.31% ee 0.025 wt.% ilaa 1.65% waa 0.05 % miisaanka.Intaa waxaa dheer, celceliska luminta cadaadiska (\({\Delta P}_{Twisted}/{\Delta P}_{Plain}\) ee aan wada shaqayn (GNPs-SDBS@DW) iyo covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) ))) nanofluids had iyo jeer>3.
Labada xaaladoodba (45° iyo 90° xaglaha helix), nanofluids (GNPs-SDBS@DW) waxay muujiyeen heer sare ({PEC}_{Nanofluids}/{PEC} _{Basefluid}\)) @DW qiimaha) , tusaale 0.025 wt.% - 1.17, 0.05 wt.% - 1.19, 0.1 wt.% - 1.26.Xaaladdan oo kale, qiyamka ({PEC}_{Nanofluids}/{PEC}_{Basefluid}\)) isticmaalaya (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids waa 1.02 ee 0.025 wt.%, 1.05 loogu talagalay 0 , 05 wt.% iyo 1.02 waa 0.1% miisaan ahaan.Intaa waxaa dheer, Re = 11,000, 0.1 wt% -GNPs@SDBS waxay muujisay qiimayaal sare (\({PEC}_{Twisted}/{PEC}_{Plain}\)), sida 1.25 ee xagal 45° helix iyo xagal helix 90° 1.27.
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