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Qeexitaanka HEERARKA TUUBE GALBEEDKA BIRTA AAN XAMAR AHAYN
304L 6.35*1mm alaab-qeybiyeyaal tuubo-duuban oo aan bir lahayn
Heerka | ASTM A213 (celceliska gidaarka) iyo ASTM A269 |
Tuubbooyinka Gariiradda Birta Aan Lahayn ee Bannaanka Dhexroorka | 1/16" ilaa 3/4" |
Dhumucda Tuubbada Gariiradda Aan Lahayn | .010" Ilaa .083" |
Tubooyinka gariiradda birta ah ee aan-la-talinta lahayn | SS 201, SS 202, SS 304, SS 304L, SS 309, SS 310, SS 316, SS 316L, SS 317L, SS 321, SS 347, SS 904L |
Xajmiga Baaxadda | 5/16, 3/4, 3/8, 1-1/2, 1/8, 5/8, 1/4, 7/8, 1/2, 1, 3/16 inch |
Adag | Micro iyo Rockwell |
Dulqaad | D4/T4 |
Xoog | Qarx iyo xamaasad |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda birta ah ee AAN AAN XAMAR AHAYN grades U dhigma
HEERKA | SHAQADA NR. | UNS | JIS | BS | GOST | AFNOR | EN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS 304 | 1.4301 | S30400 | SUS 304 | 304S31 | 08Х18Н10 | Z7CN18-09 | X5CrNi18-10 |
SS 304L | 1.4306 / 1.4307 | S30403 | SUS 304L | 3304S11 | 03Х18Н11 | Z3CN18-10 | X2CrNi18-9 / X2CrNi19-11 |
SS 310 | 1.4841 | S31000 | SUS 310 | 310S24 | 20Ch25N20S2 | - | X15CrNi25-20 |
SS 316 | 1.4401 / 1.4436 | S31600 | SUUS 316 | 316S31 / 316S33 | - | Z7CND17-11-02 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 / X3CrNiMo17-13-3 |
SS 316L | 1.4404 / 1.4435 | S31603 | SUS 316L | 316S11 / 316S13 | 03Ch17N14M3 / 03Ch17N14M2 | Z3CND17-11-02 / Z3CND18-14-03 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 / X2CrNiMo18-14-3 |
SS 317L | 1.4438 | S31703 | SUS 317L | - | - | - | X2CrNiMo18-15-4 |
SS 321 | 1.4541 | S32100 | SUUS 321 | - | - | - | X6CrNiTi18-10 |
SS 347 | 1.4550 | S34700 | SUUS 347 | - | 08Ch18N12B | - | X6CrNiNb18-10 |
SS 904L | 1.4539 | N08904 | SUS 904L | 904S13 | STS 317J5L | Z2 NCDU 25-20 | X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 |
SS TUBE TUBE KIIMIKADA
Darajo | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N | Ti | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS 304 Tube gariiradda | min. | 18.0 | 8.0 | |||||||||
max | 0.08 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 20.0 | 10.5 | 0.10 | ||||
SS 304L Tube gariiradda | min. | 18.0 | 8.0 | |||||||||
max | 0.030 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 20.0 | 12.0 | 0.10 | ||||
SS 310 gariiradda Tube | 0.015 max | 2 max | 0.015 max | 0.020 max | 0.015 max | 24.00 26.00 | 0.10 max | 19.00 21.00 | 54.7 daq | |||
SS 316 Tube gariiradda | min. | 16.0 | 2.03.0 | 10.0 | ||||||||
max | 0.035 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 18.0 | 14.0 | |||||
SS 316L Tube gariiradda | min. | 16.0 | 2.03.0 | 10.0 | ||||||||
max | 0.035 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 18.0 | 14.0 | |||||
SS 317L Tube gariiradda | 0.035 max | 2.0 max | 1.0 max | 0.045 max | 0.030 max | 18.00 20.00 | 3.00 4.00 | 11.00 15.00 | 57.89 min | |||
SS 321 gariiradda Tube | 0.08 max | 2.0 max | 1.0 max | 0.045 max | 0.030 max | 17.00 19.00 | 9.00 12.00 | 0.10 max | 5(C+N) 0.70 max | |||
SS 347 Tube gariiradda | 0.08 max | 2.0 max | 1.0 max | 0.045 max | 0.030 max | 17.00 20.00 | 9.0013.00 | |||||
SS 904L tuubada gariiradda | min. | 19.0 | 4.00 | 23.00 | 0.10 | |||||||
max | 0.20 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 0.045 | 0.035 | 23.0 | 5.00 | 28.00 | 0.25 |
HANTIDA GACAN-QABSIGA AH EE GALBEEDKA BIRTA AH
Darajo | Cufnaanta | Meesha dhalaalaysa | Xoogga Jilicsan | Xoogga Wax-soo-saarka (0.2% ka-baxsan) | Dheeraynta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS 304/ 304L Tuubooyinka gariiradda | 8.0 g/cm3 | 1400 °C (2550 °F) | Psi 75000, MPa 515 | Psi 30000, MPa 205 | 35% |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda SS 310 | 7.9 g/cm3 | 1402 °C (2555 °F) | Psi 75000, MPa 515 | Psi 30000, MPa 205 | 40% |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda SS 306 | 8.0 g/cm3 | 1400 °C (2550 °F) | Psi 75000, MPa 515 | Psi 30000, MPa 205 | 35% |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda SS 316L | 8.0 g/cm3 | 1399 °C (2550 °F) | Psi 75000, MPa 515 | Psi 30000, MPa 205 | 35% |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda SS 321 | 8.0 g/cm3 | 1457 °C (2650 °F) | Psi 75000, MPa 515 | Psi 30000, MPa 205 | 35% |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda SS 347 | 8.0 g/cm3 | 1454 °C (2650 °F) | Psi 75000, MPa 515 | Psi 30000, MPa 205 | 35% |
Tuubooyinka gariiradda SS 904L | 7.95 g/cm3 | 1350 °C (2460 °F) | Psi 71000, MPa 490 | Psi 32000 , MPa 220 | 35% |
Beddelka daraasadda reactors nukliyeerka, koronto-dhaliye is haysta oo is haysta oo isticmaalaya darawalka lithium-ion beam wuxuu noqon karaa musharax rajo leh sababtoo ah waxay soo saartaa shucaac yar oo aan loo baahnayn.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way adkayd in la keeno laydh aad u daran oo ah ion lithium, iyo adeegsiga wax ku oolka ah ee aaladahaas ayaa loo arkayay mid aan macquul ahayn.Dhibaatada ugu ba'an ee qulqulka aoniska ee aan ku filnayn waxaa lagu xalliyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamka tallaalka balaasmaha tooska ah.Nidaamkan, balaasmaha garaaca wadnaha ee sarreeya ee ay dhaliso laysarka ee birta lithium-ka birta ah ayaa si hufan loo duraa oo loo dedejiyaa xawaare sare oo afar geesle ah (xawaare RFQ).Waxaan gaadhnay kororka ugu sarreeya ee hadda ah 35 mA oo la dedejiyay 1.43 MeV, taas oo ah laba amar oo cabbir ka sarreeya kuwa caadiga ah ee duritaanka iyo nidaamyada dardargelinta ay bixin karaan.
Si ka duwan raajada ama qaybaha la dallacay, neutron-yadu waxay leeyihiin qoto dheer oo qotodheer iyo is-dhexgal gaar ah oo la leh walxaha cufan, iyaga oo ka dhigaya baadhitaanno aad u badan oo lagu baranayo sifooyinka alaabta1,2,3,4,5,6,7.Gaar ahaan, farsamooyinka kala firdhinta neutron-ka ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa in lagu barto halabuurka, qaab-dhismeedka, iyo cadaadiska gudaha ee walxaha isku dhafan waxayna ku siin karaan macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan xeryahooda raadraaca ee biraha birta ah oo ay adag tahay in la ogaado iyadoo la isticmaalayo spectroscopy X-ray.Habkan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa qalab awood leh oo ku saabsan sayniska aasaasiga ah waxaana isticmaala soo saarayaasha biraha iyo walxaha kale.Dhawaanahan, kala-soocidda neutron-ka ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu ogaado culaysyada haraaga ah ee qaybaha farsamada sida tareenka iyo qaybaha diyaaradaha9,10,11,12.Neutron-yada waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa ceelasha saliidda iyo gaaska sababtoo ah waxaa si fudud u qabta alaabta proton-ka leh13.Hababka la midka ah ayaa sidoo kale loo adeegsadaa injineernimada madaniga ah.Tijaabada neutron-ka ee aan burbursanayn waa qalab wax ku ool ah oo lagu ogaado cilladaha qarsoon ee dhismayaasha, tunnelyada iyo buundooyinka.Isticmaalka alwaaxyada neutron-ka waxaa si firfircoon loogu isticmaalaa cilmi-baarista sayniska iyo warshadaha, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah taariikh ahaan la soo saaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo reactors nukliyeerka.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo la raacayo heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan faafitaan la'aanta nukliyeerka, dhisida reactors yaryar ee ujeedooyinka cilmi-baarista ayaa noqonaysa mid sii adkaanaysa.Waxaa intaa dheer, shilkii Fukushima ee dhawaan dhacay ayaa ka dhigay dhisidda reactors nukliyeer ku dhawaad bulsho ahaan la aqbali karo.Marka la eego isbeddelkan, baahida ilaha neutron-ka ee dardar-geliyayaasha ayaa sii kordhaya2.Beddelka reactors nukliyeerka, dhowr ilo neutron-xawareyaal waaweyn ah ayaa durbaba shaqeynaya14,15.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si wax ku ool ah loo isticmaalo ee sifooyinka alwaaxyada neutron, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ballaariyo isticmaalka ilo is haysta at accelerators, 16 taas oo laga yaabo in ay ka tirsan yihiin hay'adaha cilmi-warshadaha iyo jaamacadaha.Ilaha neutron-ka dardargeliyaha ayaa ku daray awoodo iyo shaqooyin cusub marka lagu daro u adeegida beddelka reactors14.Tusaale ahaan, koronto-dhaliyaha linac-ku-jiro wuxuu si fudud u abuuri karaa qulqulka neutron-ka isagoo wax-ka-beddelaya laydhka wadista.Marka la sii daayo, neutron-yada way adag tahay in la xakameeyo, cabbirada shucaacana way adag tahay in la falanqeeyo sababtoo ah buuqa ay abuuraan neutron-yada asalka ah.Neutron-ka la garaaco ee uu maamulo dardar-geliyaha ayaa iska ilaaliya dhibkan.Dhowr mashruuc oo ku salaysan tignoolajiyada dardargelinta proton ayaa la soo jeediyay adduunka oo dhan17,18,19.Dareen-celinta 7Li(p, n)7Be iyo 9Be(p,n)9B ayaa inta badan lagu isticmaalaa koronto-dhaliyeyaasha is haysta ee neutron-ka sababtoo ah waxay yihiin fal-celin endothermic20 ah.Shucaaca xad-dhaafka ah iyo qashinka shucaaca waa la yareeyn karaa haddii tamarta la doortay si loo kiciyo shucaaca proton-ka ay wax yar ka sarreyso qiimaha marinka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirada xudunta la beegsanayo ayaa aad uga weyn tan borotoonnada, iyo neutron-yada ka dhasha waxay u kala firdhiyaan dhammaan jihooyinka.Sida ku dhow dhow qiiqa isotropic ee qulqulka neutron-ka ayaa ka hortagaya in neutron-yada si hufan loo qaado shayga daraasadda.Intaa waxaa dheer, si loo helo qiyaasta loo baahan yahay ee neutrons ee goobta shayga, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si weyn loo kordhiyo tirada protons dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo tamartooda labadaba.Natiijo ahaan, qiyaaso badan oo fallaadhaha gamma iyo neutrons ayaa ku faafi doona xaglo waaweyn, iyaga oo baabi'inaya faa'iidada falcelinta endothermic.Koronto-dhaliyaha caadiga ah ee uu wado koronto-dhaliyaha neutron-ku-salaysan ee is haysta ayaa leh gaashaanka shucaaca xooggan waana qaybta ugu badan ee nidaamka.Baahida loo qabo in la kordhiyo tamarta protons-ka waditaanka sida caadiga ah waxay u baahan tahay kordhin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan cabbirka xarunta dardargelinta.
Si looga gudbo cilladaha guud ee ilaha neutron-ka ee is haysta ee dardar-geliyayaasha, waxaa la soo jeediyay nidaam falcelin-celin-kinematic ah21.Qorshahan, alwaax lithium-ion ah oo ka culus ayaa loo istcimaalaa hage hage ah halkii laga isticmaali lahaa shucaaca proton, iyadoo lala beegsanayo walxaha qani ku ah hydrogen sida balaastikada hydrocarbon, hydrides, gaaska hydrogen, ama balasmaha hydrogen.Waxyaabo kale ayaa la tixgeliyey, sida beryllium ion alwaax kaxeeya, si kastaba ha ahaatee, beryllium waa walax sun ah oo u baahan daryeel gaar ah xagga maaraynta.Sidaa darteed, alwaax lithium ah ayaa ugu habboon qorshayaasha falcelinta rogaal-celinta-kinematic.Maaddaama xawaaraha lithium nuclei uu ka weyn yahay kan borotoonnada, xarunta cufka shilalka nukliyeerka ayaa si joogto ah horay u socota, neutron-yada ayaa sidoo kale horay u sii daaya.Habkani wuxuu si weyn u baabi'iyaa fallaadhaha gamma-ga ee aan la rabin iyo xagalka sare ee neutron-ka22.Isbarbardhigga kiiska caadiga ah ee mishiinka proton-ka iyo muuqaalka kinematics-ka rogan ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 1.
Sawirka xaglaha wax soo saarka neutron-ka ee alwaaxyada proton iyo lithium (oo lagu sawiray Adobe Illustrator CS5, 15.1.0, https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).(a) Neutron-yada waxaa laga soo saari karaa jiha kasta natiijada falcelinta sababtoo ah xaqiiqda ah in borotoonnada dhaqaaqa ay ku dhufteen atamka aadka u culus ee bartilmaameedka lithium.(b) Taa beddelkeeda, haddii darawalka lithium-ion uu duqeeyo bartilmaameed qani ku ah hydrogen, neutrons ayaa laga soo saaraa koofiyad cidhiidhi ah oo jihada hore ah sababtoo ah xawaaraha sare ee xarunta dhexe ee nidaamka.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax soo saareyaasha neutron-ka ee kinematic dhowr ah ayaa jira iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhibaatada soo saarista qulqulka loo baahan yahay ee ion culus oo leh lacag sare marka loo eego borotoonnada.Dhammaan dhirtan waxay isticmaalaan ilo ion-xumo ah oo ay weheliyaan dardar-galiyeyaasha korantada ee tandem.Noocyada kale ee ilaha ion ayaa la soo jeediyay si loo kordhiyo waxtarka dardargelinta iftiinka26.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wakhtiga hadda jira ee lithium-ion beam wuxuu ku xaddidan yahay 100 µA.Waxaa la soo jeediyay in la isticmaalo 1 mA ee Li3+27, laakiin ilayska ion hadda laguma xaqiijin habkan.Xagga xoojinta, xawaareyaasha lithium beam ma la tartami karaan dardar-geliyayaasha alwaaxda proton-ka kuwaas oo proton-ka ugu sarreeya uu ka sarreeyo 10 mA28.
Si loo hirgeliyo koronto-dhaliye is haysta oo is haysta oo ku salaysan laydhka lithium-ion, waxaa faa'iido leh in la dhaliyo xoog-sare oo gebi ahaanba ka maqan ion.ion-yada waxaa la dardargeliyay oo haga xoogagga korantada, iyo heerka dallacaadda sare waxay keentaa dardargelin hufan.Darawalada laydhka Li-ion waxay u baahan yihiin qulqulka ugu sarreeya ee Li3+ oo ka badan 10 mA.
Shaqadan, waxaan ku muujineynaa dardargelinta laydhka Li3+ ee leh qulqulka ugu sarreeya ee ilaa 35 mA, kaas oo u dhigma dardargeliyayaasha sare ee proton.Beam-kii asalka ahaa ee lithium ion ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo ablation laser iyo Qorshaha Maqabashada Tooska ah ee Plasma (DPIS) oo markii hore loo sameeyay si loo dardargeliyo C6+.Hal-ku-dhejin raadiye oo si gaar ah loo qaabeeyey (RFQ linac) ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaab-dhismeed afar-ul ah.Waxaan xaqiijinay in laydhka dardargelinaya uu leeyahay tamarta laydhka nadiifka ah ee la xisaabiyay.Marka laydhka Li3 + si wax ku ool ah loo qabsado oo uu dardargeliyo xawaaraha raadiyaha (RF), qaybta linac (dardareeyaha) ee xiga ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo bixiyo tamarta loo baahan yahay si loo dhaliyo qulqulka neutronka xooggan ee bartilmaameedka.
Dardargelinta ion waxqabadka sare waa tignoolajiyada si fiican loo aasaasay.Hawsha soo hartay ee xaqiijinta koronto-dhaliye cusub oo is haysta oo is haysta oo aad u hufan waa in la soo saaro tiro badan oo ah ion lithium ion gebi ahaanba laga siibo oo la sameeyo qaab dhismeed kooxeed oo ka kooban taxane garaacyo ion ah oo la jaanqaadaya wareegga RF ee xawaaraha.Natiijooyinka tijaabooyinka loogu talagalay in lagu gaaro yoolkan waxaa lagu sifeeyay saddexda qaybood ee soo socda: (1) Jiilka gebi ahaanba ka maqan lithium-ion beam, (2) dardargelinta iftiinka iyadoo la adeegsanayo linac RFQ ah oo si gaar ah loo nashqadeeyay, iyo (3) dardargelinta falanqaynta. ee looxa si loo hubiyo waxa ku jira.Shaybaadhka Qaranka ee Brookhaven (BNL), waxaanu ku dhisnay qaabka tijaabada ah ee lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 2.
Dulmar guud ee habaynta tijaabada ah ee falanqaynta la dedejiyey ee laydhka lithium (waxaa lagu sawiray Inkscape, 1.0.2, https://inkscape.org/).Laga bilaabo midig ilaa bidix, balasmaha laser-ablative waxaa laga soo saaray qolka is dhexgalka laysarka-bartilmaameedka waxaana la geeyaa linac RFQ.Marka la soo galo xawaaraha RFQ, ion-yadu waa laga soocaa balasmaha waxaana lagu duraa xawaaraha RFQ iyada oo loo marayo beer koronto oo degdeg ah oo ay abuurtay 52 kV farqiga u dhexeeya korantada soo saarista iyo RFQ electrode ee gobolka qulqulaya.Iions-yada la soo saaray ayaa laga soo dedejiyey 22 keV/n ilaa 204 keV/n iyadoo la isticmaalayo 2 mitir dhererka RFQ electrodes.Transformer-ka hadda (CT) ee lagu rakibay wax-soo-saarka linac-ga RFQ wuxuu bixiyaa cabbir aan wax dumin ahayn ee hadda ion beam-ka.Laydhka waxaa diiradda saaraya saddex magnets oo afar geesle ah waxaana lagu hagayaa magnet dipole, kaas oo kala sooca oo u toosiya Li3+ laydhka qalabka wax baadha.Jeexitaanka gadaashiisa, caag dib loo rogi karo iyo koob Faraday (FC) oo leh eex ilaa -400 V ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu ogaado laydhka dardargelinaya.
Si loo dhaliyo ionized lithium ions (Li3+), waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la abuuro balasma leh heerkul ka sarreeya tamarta ionization saddexaad (122.4 eV).Waxaan isku daynay inaan isticmaalno ablation laser si aan u soo saarno balaasmaha heerkulka sare.Noocan ah isha ion laser caadi ahaan looma isticmaalo in lagu dhaliyo alwaaxyada lithium ion sababtoo ah birta lithium waa fal-celin waxayna u baahan tahay maarayn gaar ah.Waxaan samaynay nidaam rarista bartilmaameed si loo yareeyo qoyaanka iyo wasakhowga hawada marka lagu rakibayo foornada lithium qolka is dhexgalka laysarka vacuum.Dhammaan diyaarinta agabka waxaa lagu fuliyay deegaan la xakameeyey oo ah argon qallalan.Ka dib markii foil-ka lithium-ka lagu rakibay qolka bartilmaameedka laysarka, bireedku waxa lagu shubay shucaac la garaacay oo Nd:YAG ah oo tamar ah 800 mJ garaac kasta.Marka la eego bartilmaameedka, cufnaanta awoodda laysarka waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inuu yahay ilaa 1012 W/cm2.Plasma waxa la abuuraa marka laysarka garaaca uu burburiyo bartilmaameedka meel bannaan.Inta lagu jiro dhammaan garaaca garaaca wadnaha ee 6 ns, balaasmadu waxay sii waddaa inay kulushahay, badi ahaan habka bremsstrahlung ee rogaal celiska ah.Maaddaama aan meel bannaan oo xaddidan lagu dabaqin inta lagu jiro marxaladda kuleylka, balaasmadu waxay bilaabataa inay ballaariso saddex cabbir.Marka balaasku bilaabo inuu ku balaadhiyo dusha la beegsanayo, bartamaha cufnaanta balaasmaha waxay helaysaa xawaare toosan oogada bartilmaameedka oo leh tamar ah 600 eV/n.Kuleylka ka dib, balaasmadu waxay sii wadaa inay u dhaqaaqdo jihada axial ee bartilmaameedka, oo sii ballaarinaysa isotropically.
Sida ku cad Jaantuska 2, balasmada ablation-ku waxay ku fidaa mugga faakuumka oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin weel bir ah oo leh awood la mid ah bartilmaameedka.Markaa, balaasmadu waxay dhex maraysaa gobolka xorta ah ee ku wajahan xawaaraha RFQ.Goob magnetic axial ah ayaa laga codsadaa inta u dhaxaysa qolka shucaaca laysarka iyo linac RFQ iyada oo la adeegsanayo nabar solenoid ah oo ku wareegsan qolka faakuumka.Goobta magnetic ee solenoid-ka waxay xakameysaa ballaarinta shucaaca balasmaha qulqulaya si loo ilaaliyo cufnaanta balaasmaha sare inta lagu jiro bixinta RFQ aperture.Dhanka kale, balaasmadu waxay sii wadaa inay ku fido jihada axial inta lagu jiro qulqulka, samaynta balasmaha dheer.Eex danab sare leh ayaa lagu dabaqaa weelka birta ah ee uu ku jiro balaasmaha ee hor yaal dekedda ka bixista ee marinka RFQ.Korontada eexda ayaa loo doortay si ay u bixiso 7Li3+ heerka duritaanka ee loo baahan yahay ee dardargelinta saxda ah ee RFQ linac.
Balaasmaha ablation-ka ee ka soo baxay kuma koobna 7Li3+ oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale lithium-ka dawlado kale oo lacag la'aan ah iyo walxaha wasakhaysan, kuwaas oo isla mar ahaantaana loo raro xawaaraha tooska ah ee RFQ.Kahor tijaabooyinka la dedejiyey ee la isticmaalayo RFQ linac, falanqaynta wakhtiga-duulimaadka (TOF) ee khadka tooska ah ayaa la sameeyay si loo barto qaybinta iyo qaybinta tamarta ions ee balasmaha.Habaynta gorfaynta tafatiran iyo qaybinta xaalad-lacageedka la arkay ayaa lagu sharaxay qaybta Hababka.Falanqaynta ayaa muujisay in 7Li3 + ions ay ahaayeen qaybaha ugu muhiimsan, xisaabinta qiyaastii 54% dhammaan qaybaha, sida lagu muujiyay sawirka 3. Marka loo eego falanqaynta, 7Li3 + ion hadda ee barta wax soo saarka ion waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 1.87 mA.Inta lagu jiro tijaabooyinka la dedejiyey, beer 79mT solenoid ah ayaa lagu dabaqayaa balaasmaha ballaarinta.Natiijo ahaan, 7Li3+ hadda laga soo saaray balaasmaha oo lagu arkay baaraha ayaa kordhay 30.
Qaybaha ion ee ku jira balaasmaha laysarka ka dhashay ee lagu helay falanqaynta wakhtiga duulimaadka.7Li1+ iyo 7Li2+ ions waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% iyo 25% ee ilayska ion, siday u kala horreeyaan.Jajabka la ogaaday ee qaybaha 6Li waxay ku raacsan tahay nuxurka dabiiciga ah ee 6Li (7.6%) ee bartilmaameedka foil lithium gudaha khaladka tijaabada ah.Wasaaq yar oo ogsijiin ah (6.2%) ayaa la arkay, badi O1+ (2.1%) iyo O2+ (1.5%), taasoo laga yaabo inay sabab u tahay oksaydheynta dusha sare ee bartilmaameedka foil lithium.
Sidii aan hore u soo sheegnay, balasmaha lithium-ka ayaa ku dul wareegaya meel aan gabbad lahayn ka hor inta aanu gelin linac RFQ.Gelitaanka linac RFQ wuxuu leeyahay dalool dhexroor 6 mm ah oo ku jira weel bir ah, korantada eexdana waa 52 kV.Inkasta oo korantada korantada RFQ ay si degdeg ah isu beddesho ± 29 kV at 100 MHz, danabku wuxuu keenaa dardargelinta axial sababtoo ah korantada dardargelinta RFQ waxay leeyihiin celcelis ahaan karti eber ah.Sababo la xiriira beerta xoogga leh ee ka dhalatay farqiga 10 mm ee u dhexeeya daloolka iyo cidhifka korantada RFQ, kaliya ions balaasmaha togan ayaa laga soosaaraa balasmaha ee daloolka.Nidaamyada gudbinta ion-dhaqameedka, ions waxaa laga soocaa balasmaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo beer koronto oo masaafo aad u fog ka horeysa dardargeliyaha RFQ ka dibna diiradda lagu saaray daloolka RFQ iyadoo loo eegayo walxo diiradda saaraya.Si kastaba ha noqotee, alwaaxyada ion ee culus ee looga baahan yahay ilaha neutron-ka ee xooggan, xoogagga aan tooska ahayn ee dib-u-celinta sababtoo ah saameynta kharashka booska waxay u horseedi kartaa khasaare weyn oo hadda jira nidaamka gaadiidka ion, xaddidaya hadda ugu sarreeya ee la dardargelin karo.Gudaha DPIS-tayada, ion-xoog-sare ayaa loo qaadaa sidii balaasmaha qulqulaya si toos ah meesha laga baxo ee daloonka RFQ, markaa ma jirto wax lumin ion beam sababtoo ah kharashka booska.Inta uu socday mudaaharaadkan, DPIS waxa lagu dabaqay laydhka lithium-ion markii ugu horaysay.
Qaab dhismeedka RFQ waxaa loo sameeyay diiradda iyo dardargelinta tamarta hoose ee alwaaxyada ion ee hadda sarreeya wuxuuna noqday halbeegga dardargelinta dalabka koowaad.Waxaan u isticmaalnay RFQ si loo dardar geliyo 7Li3+ ions laga bilaabo tamarta la geliyo ee 22 keV/n ilaa 204 keV/n.In kasta oo lithium iyo qaybo kale oo qiimo hoose ku leh balaasmaha sidoo kale laga soo saaro balasmaha oo lagu duraa aperture RFQ, linac RFQ kaliya waxa ay dardar gelisaa ions oo leh saami-jug-ilaa-mass (Q/A) oo u dhaw 7Li3+.
On berde.Jaantuska 4 waxa uu muujinayaa waveforms-ka lagu ogaaday Transformer-ka hadda (CT) ee soo saarista RFQ linac iyo koobka Faraday (FC) ka dib marka la falanqeeyo magnetka, sida ku cad fig.2. Wakhtiga isbedbeddelka u dhexeeya calaamadaha waxa loo fasiri karaa kala duwanaanshaha wakhtiga duulimaadka ee goobta qalabka wax-sheegaha.Ion hadda ugu sarreeya ee lagu cabbiray CT wuxuu ahaa 43mA.Mawqifka RT, iftiinka diiwaangashan wuxuu ka koobnaan karaa ma aha oo kaliya ions la dedejiyey tamarta la xisaabiyey, laakiin sidoo kale ions aan ahayn 7Li3 +, kuwaas oo aan si ku filan loo dardargelin.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku ekaanshaha foomamka ion hadda ee laga helay QD iyo PC waxay muujineysaa in ion hadda inta badan ka kooban yahay 7Li3+ la dardargeliyay, iyo hoos u dhaca qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee hadda ee PC waxaa sababa luminta iftiinka inta lagu jiro wareejinta ion inta u dhaxaysa QD iyo PC.Khasaaraha Tan waxaa sidoo kale lagu xaqiijiyay jilitaanka baqshadda.Si aad si sax ah u cabbirto 7Li3+ beam current, beam waxaa lagu falanqeeyaa magnet dipole sida lagu qeexay qaybta xigta.
Oscillograms ee laydhka la dedejiyey ee lagu duubay boosaska baadiyaha CT (qalooca madow) iyo FC (qalooca cas).Cabiraadyadan waxaa kiciyay ogaanshaha shucaaca laysarka ee sawir-qaade inta lagu jiro abuuritaanka balaasmaha laysarka.Qalooca madow wuxuu muujinayaa qaabka mawjada lagu cabiray CT ku xiran wax soo saarka linac RFQ.Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha ay u leedahay linac RFQ, baarehu waxa uu soo qaadaa 100 MHz RF sanqadh, marka 98 MHz shaandhada hoose ee FFT ayaa lagu dabaqay si looga saaro 100 MHz resonant RF signalka oo kor saaran calaamadda ogaanshaha.Qalooca cas wuxuu ku tusayaa qaabka mawjadaha ee FC ka dib markii magnet falanqaynta uu toosiyo 7Li3+ ion beam.Goobtan birlabeedka ah, marka laga reebo 7Li3+, N6+ iyo O7+ waa la rari karaa.
Iftiinka ion ka dib linac RFQ waxa diiradda saaraya taxane ah saddex afar geesle ah oo diiradda saaraya magnets ka dibna lagu falanqeeyay magnets dipole si loo go'doomiyo wasakhda ku jirta ilayska ion.Goob birlabeed ah oo ah 0.268 T ayaa hagta 7Li3+ laydhka FC.Mowjadda ogaanshaha ee goobta magnetic waxaa lagu muujiyey sida qalooca cas ee Jaantuska 4. Xadhiga ugu sarreeya ee hadda jira wuxuu gaarayaa 35 mA, kaas oo ka badan 100 jeer ka sarreeya iftiinka caadiga ah ee Li3 + ee laga soo saaro dardar-galiyeyaasha caadiga ah ee korantada.Ballaca garaaca garaaca wadnaha waa 2.0 µs oo ballaciisu yahay ugu badnaan kala badh.Ogaanshaha 7Li3+ beam oo leh goob magnetic dipole waxay muujinaysaa dardargelinta bunching guul leh.Ion beam-ka hadda ay ogaatay FC marka la sawirayo goobta birlabeedka dipole-ka ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 5. Hal meel oo nadiif ah ayaa la arkay, oo si fiican uga soocan meelaha ugu sarreeya.Maaddaama dhammaan ion-yada lagu dardargeliyay tamarta naqshadda ee RFQ linac ay leeyihiin xawaare isku mid ah, alwaaxyada ion ee leh Q/A isku mid ah way adagtahay in lagu kala saaro goobaha magnetic dipole.Sidaa darteed, ma kala saari karno 7Li3+ ka N6+ ama O7+.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qadarka wasakhda waxaa lagu qiyaasi karaa dawladaha dariska ah.Tusaale ahaan, N7+ iyo N5+ si fudud ayaa loo kala saari karaa, halka N6+ laga yaabo inay qayb ka tahay wasakhda waxaana la filayaa inay joogaan qiyaastii N7+ iyo N5+.Qiyaasta heerka wasaqowga waa ilaa 2%.
Qaybaha Beam-ka ee lagu helay iyadoo la sawirayo goobta magnetic dipole.Meesha ugu sarreysa ee 0.268 T waxay u dhigantaa 7Li3+ iyo N6+.Ballaca ugu sarreeya wuxuu ku xiran yahay cabbirka alwaaxda ee ka go'an.Inkasta oo ay jiraan heerar ballaadhan, 7Li3+ si fiican ayuu uga soocaa 6Li3+, O6+, iyo N5+, laakiin si liidata ayuu uga soocaa O7+ iyo N6+.
Meesha FC ku taal, astaanta bimka waxaa lagu xaqiijiyay qalabka wax lagu dhejiyo waxaana lagu duubay kamarad dhijitaal ah oo degdeg ah sida ku cad Jaantuska 6. 7Li3+ pulsed beam oo hadda ah 35 mA ayaa lagu muujiyay in la dedejiyay RFQ la xisaabiyay. tamarta 204 keV/n, taas oo u dhiganta 1.4 MeV, oo loo gudbiyo qalabka FC.
Astaanta Beam ayaa lagu arkay shaashadda scintilator-ka hore (midab leh Fiji, 2.3.0, https://imagej.net/software/fiji/).Goobta magnetic ee magnetka dipole analytical ayaa la hagaajiyay si loogu hago dardargelinta laydhka Li3+ ion tamarta naqshadeynta RFQ.Dhibcaha buluuga ah ee aagga cagaarka ah waxaa sababa qalab wax-kiciya oo cilladaysan.
Waxaan ku gaadhnay jiilka 7Li3+ ions by laser ablation of the surface of a lithium foil adag, iyo ilayn sare oo hadda jira ayaa la qabtay oo la dedejiyey iyada oo si gaar ah loo qaabeeyey RFQ linac isticmaalaya DPIS.Marka la eego tamarta laydhka ee 1.4 MeV, wakhtiga ugu sarreeya ee 7Li3+ ayaa gaadhay FC ka dib falanqaynta magnetku wuxuu ahaa 35 mA.Tani waxay xaqiijinaysaa in qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee hirgelinta isha neutronka oo leh kinematics rogan ah loo fuliyay si tijaabo ah.Qaybtan warqadda ah, dhammaan nakhshadeynta isha neutron-ka is haysta ayaa laga wada hadli doonaa, oo ay ku jiraan dardar-geliyayaasha tamarta sare iyo saldhigyada bartilmaameedka neutronka.Naqshadu waxay ku salaysan tahay natiijooyinka laga helay nidaamyada jira ee shaybaarkeena.Waa in la ogaadaa in hadda ugu sarreeya ee ion beam la sii kordhin karo iyada oo la soo gaabiyo masaafada u dhaxaysa lithium foil iyo linac RFQ.Bariis7 waxa ay tusinaysaa fikradda dhan ee isha nutron-kooxeed ee la soo jeediyay ee xawaaraha.
Naqshadaynta fikradda isha neutron-ka ee la soo jeediyay ee xawaaraha (waxaa sawiray Freecad, 0.19, https://www.freecadweb.org/).Laga bilaabo midig ilaa bidix: isha ion laser, magnet solenoid, RFQ linac, wareejinta tamarta dhexdhexaadka ah (MEBT), linac IH, iyo qolka isdhexgalka ee jiilka neutron.Ilaalinta shucaaca ayaa ugu horayn lagu bixiyaa jihada hore iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecadda cidhiidhiga ah ee loo hagayo laydhka neutron-ka ee la soo saaray.
Ka dib linac RFQ, dardargelinta dheeraadka ah ee qaab-dhismeedka H-dijital ah (IH linac) 30 linac ayaa la qorsheeyay.IH linacs waxay isticmaalaan qaab dhismeedka tuubada leexleexa ah ee π-mode si ay u bixiyaan jaranjarooyinka goobta korantada sare ee xawliyada go'an.Daraasadda fikradda ah waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo lagu salaynayo jilitaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa dheer ee 1D iyo jilitaanka qolofka 3D.Xisaabinta waxay tusinaysaa in 100 MHz IH linac oo leh korantada tuubbada qulqulaya oo macquul ah (in ka yar 450 kV) iyo magnet xoog leh oo diiradda saaraya waxay dardargelin kartaa 40 mA beam min 1.4 ilaa 14 MeV fogaan ah 1.8 m.Qaybinta tamarta dhammaadka silsiladda dardargelinta waxaa lagu qiyaasaa ± 0.4 MeV, taas oo aan si weyn u saameynaynin tamarta tamarta ee neutron-yada ay soo saarto bartilmaameedka beddelka neutron-ka.Intaa waxaa dheer, qiiqa qiiqa waa uu hooseeyaa oo ku filan in uu diiradda saaro iftiinka meel yar oo iftiin ah oo ka yar inta sida caadiga ah looga baahan yahay xoogga dhexdhexaadka ah iyo cabbirka magnetka afar geesoodka ah.Dhexdhexaadinta tamarta dhexe (MEBT) ee u dhaxaysa RFQ linac iyo linac IH, resonator beamforming ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo ilaaliyo qaab-dhismeedka iftiinka.Saddex birlab afar geesood ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo xakameeyo cabbirka alwaaxda dhinaca.Istaraatiijiyadan naqshadeynta ayaa loo adeegsaday dardar-geliyayaal badan31,32,33.Wadarta dhererka guud ee nidaamka laga bilaabo isha ion ilaa qolka la beegsanayo waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in uu ka yar yahay 8 m, kaas oo ku haboonaan kara baabuur-geesaha caadiga ah.
Bartilmaameedka beddelka neutron-ka ayaa si toos ah loo rakibi doonaa ka dib xawaaraha toosan.Waxaan ka wada hadalnaa nakhshadeynta xarumaha bartilmaameedka ee ku saleysan daraasadihii hore iyadoo la adeegsanayo scenarios kinematic lidka ah23.Bartilmaameedyada beddelka ee la soo sheegay waxaa ka mid ah walxaha adag (polypropylene (C3H6) iyo titanium hydride (TiH2)) iyo hababka bartilmaameedka gaaska.Hadafka kastaa wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo khasaare.Bartilmaameedyada adag waxay ogolaadaan xakamaynta dhumucda saxda ah.Hadba yoolka yoolku sii yaraado, ayaa si sax ah u habayn doonta meelaynta soosaarka neutronka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bartilmaameedyada noocan oo kale ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay weli leeyihiin heerar falcelin nukliyeer ah iyo shucaac aan la rabin.Dhanka kale, bartilmaameedka hydrogen wuxuu bixin karaa jawi nadiif ah isagoo meesha ka saaraya wax soo saarka 7Be, oo ah sheyga ugu muhiimsan ee falcelinta nukliyeerka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hydrogen waxa uu leeyahay awood caqabadeed daciif ah wuxuuna u baahan yahay masaafo jireed oo weyn si loo sii daayo tamar ku filan.Tani waxay wax yar u liidataa cabbirada TOF.Intaa waxaa dheer, haddii filim khafiif ah loo isticmaalo in lagu xiro bartilmaameedka hydrogen, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo khasaaraha tamarta ee fallaadhaha gamma ee uu dhaliyo filimka khafiifka ah iyo dhacdada lithium.
LICORNE waxay isticmaashaa bartilmaameedyada polypropylene iyo nidaamka bartilmaameedka ayaa loo cusboonaysiiyay unugyo hydrogen ah oo lagu shaabadeeyey foornada tantalum.Iyadoo loo malaynayo in uu hadda yahay 100 nA ee 7Li34, labada hab ee bartilmaameedku waxay soo saari karaan ilaa 107 n/s/sr.Haddii aan ku dabaqno beddelka wax-soo-saarka neutron-ka ee la sheegay ilaha neutron-ka ee la soo jeediyay, markaa lithium-ku-shaqeeya 7 × 10-8 C ayaa laga heli karaa garaaca garaaca laser kasta.Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in laysarka oo la rido laba jeer ilbiriqsikiiba uu soo saaro 40% neutrons ka badan marka loo eego LICORNE uu ku soo saari karo hal ilbiriqsi oo leh iftiin joogto ah.Isku-darka wadarta si fudud ayaa loo kordhin karaa iyada oo la kordhinayo inta jeer ee xiisaha laysarka.Haddii aan ka qaadno inuu jiro nidaamka 1 kHz laser suuqa, celceliska qulqulka neutronka si fudud ayaa loo cabbiri karaa ilaa 7 × 109 n/s/sr.
Marka aan isticmaalno nidaamyada heerka celceliska sare ee bartilmaameedyada caagga ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la xakameeyo jiilka kulaylka ee bartilmaameedyada sababtoo ah, tusaale ahaan, polypropylene waxay leedahay dhibic dhalaalaysa oo hooseeya 145-175 ° C iyo heerkulka hooseeya ee 0.1-0.22 W / m/K.14 MeV lithium-ion beam, 7 µm dhumuc weyn oo polypropylene ah ayaa ku filan si loo yareeyo tamarta iftiinka ilaa heerka falcelinta (13.098 MeV).Iyadoo la tixgalinayo wadarta guud ee saamaynta ayoyinku ka dhaliso hal xabbad leyser ah oo ku wajahan yoolka, tamarta sii daynta ion lithium ee loo maro polypropylene waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 64 mJ/pulse.Iyadoo loo maleynayo in dhammaan tamarta lagu wareejiyo goobada dhexroorkeedu yahay 10 mm, garaac kasta wuxuu u dhigmaa kor u kaca heerkulka ku dhawaad 18 K/pulse.Siideynta tamarta ee yoolalka polypropylene waxay ku saleysan tahay male fudud oo ah in dhammaan khasaaraha tamarta loo kaydiyo kulayl ahaan, iyada oo aan lahayn shucaac ama kulayl kale.Maaddaama kordhinta tirada garaaca ilbiriqsi kasta ay u baahan tahay baabi'inta kulaylka kor u kaca, waxaan isticmaali karnaa bartilmaameedyada xariijimaha si aan uga fogaano sii deynta tamarta isla barta23.Iyadoo loo malaynayo in 10 mm meel biim ah oo bartilmaameed ah leh heerka soo noqnoqda laysarka ee 100 Hz, xawaaraha sawirida cajalad polypropylene wuxuu noqon doonaa 1 m/s.Heerarka soo noqnoqda ee sarreeya waa suurtogal haddii la oggolaado isugeynta barta iftiinka.
Waxaan sidoo kale baarnay bartilmaameedyada baytariyada hydrogen-ka, sababtoo ah alwaaxyada wadista xooggan ayaa la isticmaali karaa iyada oo aan waxyeello loo geysan bartilmaameedka.Neefta neutron-ka si fudud ayaa loo hagaajin karaa iyadoo la beddelo dhererka qolka gaaska iyo cadaadiska hydrogen ee gudaha.Biraha khafiifka ah ee birta ah ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa dardar-geliyayaasha si ay u kala soocaan gaaska hawada ee bartilmaameedka iyo faaruqinta.Sidaa darteed, waa lagama maarmaan in la kordhiyo tamarta iftiinka lithium-ion ee dhacdada si loo magdhabo khasaaraha tamarta ee foornada.Kulanka bartilmaameedka lagu sheegay warbixinta 35 wuxuu ka koobnaa weel aluminium ah oo dhererkiisu yahay 3.5 cm oo leh cadaadiska gaaska H2 ee 1.5 atm.16.75 MeV lithium ion beam wuxuu ka galaa baytariga hawada qaboojiyay ee 2.7 µm Ta foil, tamarta lithium ion beam dhamaadka batteriga waxaa hoos loo dhigay ilaa heerka falcelinta.Si loo kordhiyo tamarta laydhka baytariyada lithium-ion laga bilaabo 14.0 MeV ilaa 16.75 MeV, linac IH waa in la dheereeyaa ilaa 30 cm.
Sii daynta neutrons ee bartilmaameedyada unugyada gaaska ayaa sidoo kale la darsay.Bartilmaameedyada gaaska LICORNE ee aan soo sheegnay, jilitaannada GEANT436 waxay muujinayaan in neutron-yada aadka u jihaysan ay ka dhex abuurmaan koontada, sida ku cad sawirka 1 ee [37].Tixraaca 35 wuxuu muujinayaa kala duwanaanta tamarta laga bilaabo 0.7 ilaa 3.0 MeV oo leh ugu badnaan kolay furan oo ah 19.5 ° marka loo eego jihada faafinta laydhka weyn.Neutron-yada aadka u jihaysan ayaa si weyn u dhimi kara xadiga walxaha gaashaanka ee xaglaha ugu badan, hoos u dhigista miisaanka qaab-dhismeedka iyo bixinta dabacsanaan weyn oo ku rakibida qalabka cabbiraadda.Marka loo eego aragtida ilaalinta shucaaca, marka lagu daro neutrons, bartilmaameedkan gamma wuxuu siidaayaa 478 keV fallaadhaha gamma isotropically ee nidaamka isku xirka centroid38.Raajooyinkan γ-ray waxa loo soo saaray natiijada 7Be suus iyo 7Li deexcitation, taas oo dhacda marka Li beamka aasaasiga ahi uu ku dhufto daaqada wax gelinta ee Ta.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka lagu daro 35 Pb/C collimator cylindrical, asalka si weyn ayaa loo dhimi karaa.
Bartilmaameedka kale, qofku wuxuu isticmaali karaa daaqada balasmaha [39, 40], taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in la gaaro cadaadis sare oo hydrogen ah iyo gobol yar oo ka mid ah jiilka neutron, inkastoo ay ka hooseyso bartilmaameedyada adag.
Waxaan baaraynaa beddelka neutron-ka ikhtiyaarrada bartilmaameedka ah ee qaybinta tamarta la filayo iyo cabbirka laydhka lithium ion beam isticmaalaya GEANT4.Jilitaankayadu waxay muujinayaan qaybinta joogtada ah ee tamarta neutronka iyo qaybinta xaglaha ah ee bartilmaameedyada hydrogen ee suugaanta sare.Nidaam kasta oo la beegsanayo, neutron-yada aadka u jihaysan waxaa soo saari kara falcelin kacdoon oo rogan oo ay wadaan 7Li3+ beam xooggan oo bartilmaameedka hodanka ku ah hydrogen.Sidaa darteed, ilo cusub oo neutron ah ayaa la hirgelin karaa iyadoo la isku darayo tignoolajiyada hore u jiray.
Xaaladaha shucaaca laysarka ayaa soo saaray tijaabooyinka jiilka ion beam ka hor muujinta la dalacsiiyay.Laserku waa desktop nanosecond Nd: Nidaamka YAG oo leh cufnaanta leysarka 1012 W/cm2, hirarka aasaasiga ah ee 1064 nm, tamar dhibic ah 800 mJ, iyo garaaca garaaca wadnaha ee 6 ns.Dhexroorka barta bartilmaameedka ayaa lagu qiyaasay 100 µm.Sababtoo ah birta lithium (Alfa Aesar, 99.9% saafi ah) ayaa aad u jilicsan, walxaha sida saxda ah loo gooyay ayaa lagu riixaa caaryada.Cabbirrada biraha 25 mm × 25 mm, dhumucdiisuna waa 0.6 mm.Burbur la mid ah dillaacu wuxuu ku dhacaa dusha bartilmaameedka marka laysarka uu ku dhufto, markaa bartilmaameedka waxaa dhaqaajiya meel matoor ah si ay u siiso qayb cusub oo korka bartilmaameedka ah oo la toogto laser kasta.Si looga fogaado dib-u-dhiska sababtoo ah gaaska haraaga ah, cadaadiska qolka waxaa lagu hayaa meel ka hooseysa 10-4 Pa.
Mugga bilowga ah ee balasmaha laysarka waa yar yahay, maadaama cabbirka barta laysarka uu yahay 100 μm iyo gudaha 6 ns ka dib jiilkeeda.Mugga waxaa loo qaadan karaa meel sax ah oo la ballaariyo.Haddii baaraha la dhigo meel xm ka fog oogada la beegsanayo, markaas signalka la helay wuxuu adeecayaa xidhiidhka: ion current I, ion imaanshaha wakhtiga t, iyo ballaca garaaca wadnaha τ.
Balaasmaha la soo saaray waxaa lagu bartay habka TOF oo leh FC iyo falanqeeye ion tamarta (EIA) oo ku yaal meel fog 2.4 m iyo 3.85 m bartilmaameedka laysarka.FC-gu waxay leedahay shabag-cabudeye u janjeerta -5 kV si looga hortago elektaroonnada.EIA waxay leedahay 90 darajo koronto-dhaliyaha oo ka kooban laba kooxiyaal bir ah oo kooxiyaal ah oo isku xiran oo leh koronto la mid ah laakiin ka soo horjeeda, bannaanka wanaagsan iyo gudaha taban.Balaasmaha balaadhinta waxaa lagu hagayaa leexiyaha ka dambeeya booska waxaana leexiya beerta koronto ee dhexmarta dhululubada.Ions qancinaya xidhiidhka E/z = eKU waxaa lagu ogaadaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo Isku-dhufashada Sare ee Electron (SEM) (Hamamatsu R2362), halkaasoo E, z, e, K, iyo U ay yihiin tamarta ion, xaalada dallaca, iyo dallacadu ay yihiin qodobbada joomatari ee EIA .electrons, siday u kala horreeyaan, iyo farqiga u dhexeeya electrodes.Beddelka danabka guud ahaan leexiyaha, qofku wuxuu heli karaa tamarta iyo qaybinta ion ee balasmaha.Korantada xaaqidda U/2 EIA waxay ku jirtaa inta u dhaxaysa 0.2 V ilaa 800 V, taas oo u dhiganta tamarta ion inta u dhaxaysa 4 eV ilaa 16 keV xaalad kasta.
Qaybinta heerka kharashka ee ions ee lagu falanqeeyay xaaladaha shucaaca laysarka ee lagu qeexay qaybta "Jilciga laydhka lithium-ka ee si buuxda loo xayuubiyey" ayaa lagu muujiyay Fig.8.
Falanqaynta qaybinta gobolka ee xukunka ions.Halkan waxaa ah astaanta wakhtiga cufnaanta ion hadda oo lagu lafa guray EIA oo lagu cabiray 1 m foil-ka lithium-ka iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta.(1) iyo (2).Isticmaal xaaladaha shucaaca laysarka ee lagu sifeeyay qaybta "Jiilka Lithium Beam oo Dhamaystiran"Marka la isku daro cufnaanta hadda jirta, saamiga ions ee balasmaha ayaa la xisaabiyay, sida ku cad sawirka 3.
Ilaha ilayska laser-ka ayaa keeni kara laydh badan oo mA ah oo xoog leh oo leh kharash sare.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, keenista dhogorta ayaa aad u adag sababtoo ah dib u celinta kharashka booska, markaa si weyn looma isticmaalin.Nidaamka dhaqameed, alwaaxyada ion waxaa laga soo saaraa balasmaha waxaana loo qaadaa dardargeliyaha aasaasiga ah iyadoo la raacayo xariiq beam ah oo leh dhowr magnets diirada saaraya si loo qaabeeyo iftiinka ion iyadoo loo eegayo awoodda qaadista xawaaraha.Xajmiga xoogga dalacsiinta ee meel bannaan, alwaaxyadu waxay u kala duwan yihiin si aan toos ahayn, waxaana la arkayaa khasaare culus oo iftiin ah, gaar ahaan gobolka xawaaraha hooseeya.Si looga gudbo dhibaatadan horumarinta dardar-geliyayaasha kaarboonka caafimaadka, qorshe cusub oo DPIS41 ah ayaa la soo jeediyay.Waxaan u adeegsanay farsamadan si aan u dardargelinno lithium-ion beam xoog leh oo ka imanaya ilo cusub oo neutron ah.
Sida ku cad fig.4, meesha bannaan ee balaasmaha laga soo saaro laguna balaadhiyo waxaa ku wareegsan weel bir ah.Meesha kuxiran waxay ku fidsan tahay albaabka laga soo galo resonator RFQ, oo ay ku jirto mugga gudaha gariiradda solenoidka.Koronto dhan 52 kV ayaa lagu shubay weelka.Resonator-ka RFQ, ions waxa lagu jiidi karaa iyada oo la marayo dalool dhexroor 6 mm ah iyada oo la dejinayo RFQ.Xoogaga caabbinta aan tooska ahayn ee khadka iftiinka ayaa la tirtiraa marka ions lagu qaado gobolka balasmaha.Intaa waxaa dheer, sida kor ku xusan, waxaan codsanay garoonka solenoid ee lagu daro DPIS si loo xakameeyo loona kordhiyo cufnaanta ions ee daloolka soo saarista.
Dardariyaha RFQ wuxuu ka kooban yahay qolka faakuumka cylindrical sida ku cad berdaha.9aGudaha dhexdeeda, afar ulood oo naxaas ah oo aan ogsijiin lahayn ayaa la dhigayaa afargeesle-symmetrically agagaarka dhidibka iftiinka (Jaantus. 9b).4 ulood iyo qolal ayaa sameeya wareegga RF resonant.Goobta RF ee la kiciyay waxay abuurtaa koronto waqti-kala duwan oo usha dhexdeeda ah.Ions-ka lagu rakibay si qotodheer oo dhidibka ah ayaa dhinaca dambe lagu hayaa garoonka afar geesoodka ah.Isla mar ahaantaana, caarada usha ayaa loo habeeyey si loo abuuro goob koronto oo axial ah.Beerta axial waxay u kala qaybisaa beemka joogtada ah ee la isku duray si taxane ah oo loo yaqaan beam.Ilays kastaa waxa uu ka kooban yahay wakhti wareeg ah oo RF ah (10 ns).Alwaaxyada ku dheggan waa la kala fogeeyaa iyadoo loo eegayo muddada soo noqnoqda raadiyaha.Xajmiga RFQ, laydhka 2 µs ee isha ilayska laysarka ayaa loo beddelaa taxane ah 200 beams.Laydhka ayaa markaa lagu dedejiyaa tamarta la xisaabiyay.
Xawaare toosan RFQ.(a) (bidix) Aragtida dibadda ee qolka linac ee RFQ.(b) (midig) Afar-ul eletroodh oo ku jira qolka.
Halbeegyada naqshadeynta ugu weyn ee linac RFQ waa koronta usha, soo noqnoqoshada resonant, radius dalool alwaax ah, iyo modulation electrode.Dooro danabka usha ku yaal ± 29 kV si beerteeda koronto ay uga hooseyso heerka burburka korantada.Hoos u dhaca inta jeer ee resonant, ayaa sii weynaada xoogga diiradda dhinaca dambe iyo yaraanta celceliska goobta dardargelinta.Raadiyeyaasha daloolka weyn ayaa suurtogal ka dhigaya in la kordhiyo cabbirka biimka, sidaas awgeed, kor loo qaado iftiinka hadda jira sababtoo ah yareynta kharashka booska.Dhanka kale, radiyada daloolka weyni waxay u baahan yihiin awood badan oo RF ah si ay u xoojiyaan linac RFQ.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay ku xaddidan tahay shuruudaha tayada ee goobta.Iyada oo ku saleysan dheelitirnaantan, inta jeer ee resonant (100 MHz) iyo radius dalool (4.5 mm) ayaa loo doortay dardargelinta iftiinka hadda-sare.Habaynta ayaa la doortay si loo yareeyo luminta iftiinka oo loo kordhiyo waxtarka dardargelinta.Naqshadaynta ayaa la hagaajiyay marar badan si loo soo saaro naqshad linac RFQ ah oo dardar gelin karta 7Li3 + ions at 40 mA laga bilaabo 22 keV / n ilaa 204 keV / n gudaha 2 m.Awoodda RF ee la qiyaasay intii lagu jiray tijaabada waxay ahayd 77 kW.
RFQ linacs waxay ku dardargelin kartaa ions oo leh Q/A gaar ah.Sidaa darteed, marka la falanqeynayo laydhka la quudiyo ilaa dhamaadka xawaaraha toosan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo isotopes iyo walxaha kale.Intaa waxaa dheer, ions la doonayo, qayb ahaan la dardargeliyay, laakiin ku soo degay xaaladaha dardargelinta ee dhexe ee xawaaraha, waxay weli la kulmi karaan xannibaadda lateral waxaana loo qaadi karaa dhammaadka.Fallaadhaha aan la rabin ee aan ahayn kuwa la farsameeyay ee 7Li3+ waxaa loo yaqaannaa wasakh.Tijaabooyinkeena, 14N6+ iyo 16O7+ wasakhdu waxay ahaayeen welwelka ugu weyn, tan iyo markii birta lithium-ku ay ka falceliso oksijiinta iyo nitrogen ee hawada.Iions-yadani waxay leeyihiin saamiga Q/A oo lagu dardargelin karo 7Li3+.Waxaan u isticmaalnaa magnets dipole si aan u kala saarno alwaaxyada tayada iyo tayada kala duwan ee falanqaynta iftiinka ka dib linac RFQ.
Xariiqda laydhka ka dib linac RFQ waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu gaarsiiyo 7Li3+ laydhka si buuxda loo dardargeliyey FC ka dib magnet dipole.-400 V ee elektiroonigga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo elektarooniga sare ee koobka si sax ah loo cabbiro ion beam hadda.Iyada oo optics-kan, ion-trajectories ayaa loo kala saarayaa dipoles waxaana diiradda lagu saaray meelo kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran Q/A.Sababo la xiriira arrimo kala duwan sida faafinta dardargelinta iyo kacsiga booska bannaan, laydhka diiradda ayaa leh ballac gaar ah.Noocyada waa la kala saari karaa oo keliya haddii masaafada u dhaxaysa meelaha udubdhexaadka ah ee labada nooc ee ion ay ka weyn tahay ballaca dhuxusha.Si aad u hesho xalka ugu sarreeya ee suurtogalka ah, jeex toosan ayaa lagu rakibay meel u dhow dhexda dhexda, halkaas oo shukulaatada si dhab ah u urursan tahay.Shaashadda sawir-qaadista (CsI(Tl) ee Saint-Gobain, 40 mm × 40 mm × 3 mm) ayaa lagu rakibay inta u dhaxaysa jeexa iyo PC-ga.Qalabka wax lagu sawiro waxa loo adeegsaday in lagu go'aamiyo jeexjeexa ugu yar ee qaybaha nashqadeeyay ay tahay in ay maraan si loo xalliyo ugu fiican iyo in la muujiyo cabbirada alwaaxyada la aqbali karo ee alwaaxyada ion culus ee hadda jira.Sawirka biimka ee ku yaal scintillator-ka waxaa duubtay kamarada CCD iyadoo dhex mareysa daaqad faaruq ah.Hagaajin daaqadda wakhtiga soo-gaadhista si aad u daboosho dhammaan ballaca garaaca garaaca.
Xogta la isticmaalay ama lagu falanqeeyay daraasadda hadda jirta waxa laga heli karaa qorayaasha kala duwan marka la eego codsi macquul ah.
Manke, I. et al.Sawirka saddex-geesoodka ah ee xayndaabka magnetic.Isbaheysiga qaranka.1, 125. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1125 (2010).
Anderson, IS iyo al.Suurtagalnimada in lagu barto ilaha neutron-ka ee is haysta ee xawaaraha.fiisigiska.Xildhibaan 654, 1-58.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2016.07.007 (2016).
Urchuoli, A. iyo al.Mikrotomography ku salaysan Neutron: Pliobates cataloniae iyo Barberapithecus huerzeleri sida kiisaska tijaabada ah.HaaJ. Fiisigiska.cilmiga anthropology.166, 987-993.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23467 (2018).
Waqtiga boostada: Mar-08-2023