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ASTM A240 304 316 Birta Aan-Aamiga Ahayn Dhexdhexaad Dhumucdiisuna Waa La Goyn Karaa Oo Lagu Habayn Karaa Qiimaha Warshada Shiinaha
Qalab: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Nooca: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Tignoolajiyada: Qabow duuban iyo Kulul duuban
Shahaadooyinka: ISO9001, CE, SGS sannad kasta
Adeegga: Imtixaanka qolo saddexaad
Bixinta: 10-15 maalmood gudahood ama iyadoo la tixgelinayo tirada
Birta aan daahintu waa daawaha birta oo leh ugu yaraan chromium ka kooban 10.5 boqolkiiba.Maadada Chromium waxay soo saartaa filim dhuuban chromium oksaydh oo ku yaal birta dusheeda oo loo yaqaan lakabka passivation.Lakabkani wuxuu ka hortagayaa daxalka inuu ku dhaco dusha birta;Inta badan xaddiga Chromium ee birta ah, way sii badanaysaa caabbinta daxalka.
Birtu waxay kaloo ka kooban tahay xaddi kala duwan oo walxo kale ah sida Kaarboon, Silikoon iyo Manganese.Cutubyo kale ayaa lagu dari karaa si loo kordhiyo iska caabinta daxalka (Nickel) iyo qaabaynta (Molybdenum).
| Alaabta: | ||||||||||||
| ASTM/ASME | EN Darajada | Qayb kiimiko % | ||||||||||
| C | Cr | Ni | Mn | P | S | Mo | Si | Cu | N | Mid kale | ||
| 201 |
| ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 3.50-5.50 | 5.50 - 7.50 | ≤0.060 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | ≤0.25 | - |
| 301 | 1.4310 | ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.00-8.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 304 | 1.4301 | ≤0.08 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304L | 1.4307 | ≤0.030 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304H | 1.4948 | 0.04-0.10 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309S | 1.4828 | ≤0.08 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309H |
| 0.04-0.10 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 310S | 1.4842 | ≤0.08 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 310H | 1.4821 | 0.04-0.10 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 316 | 1.4401 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316L | 1.4404 | ≤0.030 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316H |
| 0.04-0.10 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.10-0.22 | - |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 317L | 1.4438 | ≤0.03 | 18.00-20.00 | 11.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 3.00-4.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 321 | 1.4541 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 321H | 1.494 | 0.04-0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | Ti4(C+N)~0.7 |
| 347 | 1.4550 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥10*C%-1.0 |
| 347H | 1.4942 | 0.04-0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥8*C%-1.0 |
| 409 | S40900 | ≤0.03 | 10.50-11.70 | 0.5 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.020 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.03 | Ti6(C+N)-0.5 Nb0.17 |
| 410 | 1Cr13 | 0.08-0.15 | 11.50-13.50 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 420 | 2Cr13 | ≥0.15 | 12.00-14.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 430 | S43000 | ≤0.12 | 16.00-18.00 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 431 | 1Cr17Ni2 | ≤0.2 | 15.00-17.00 | 1.25-2.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 440C | 11Cr17 | 0.95-1.20 | 16.00-18.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 17-4PH | 630/1.4542 | ≤0.07 | 15.50-17.50 | 3.00-5.00 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | 3.00-5.00 | - | Nb+Ta:0.15-0.45 |
| 17-7PH | 631 | ≤0.09 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.50-7.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | Al 0.75-1.50 |
| sahayda cabbirka: | ||||||
| 3 | 3*1000*2000 | 3*1219*2438 | 3*1500*3000 | 3*1500*6000 | ||
| 4 | 4*1000*2000 | 4*1219*2438 | 4*1500*3000 | 4*1500*6000 | ||
| 5 | 5*1000*2000 | 5*1219*2438 | 5*1500*3000 | 5*1500*6000 | ||
| 6 | 6*1000*2000 | 6*1219*2438 | 6*1500*3000 | 6*1500*6000 | ||
| 7 | 7*1000*2000 | 7*1219*2438 | 7*1500*3000 | 7*1500*6000 | ||
| 8 | 8*1000*2000 | 8*1219*2438 | 8*1500*3000 | 8*1500*6000 | ||
| 9 | 9*1000*2000 | 9*1219*2438 | 9*1500*3000 | 9*1500*6000 | ||
| 10.0 | 10*1000*2000 | 10*1219*2438 | 10*1500*3000 | 10*1500*6000 | ||
| 12.0 | 12*1000*2000 | 12*1219*2438 | 12*1500*3000 | 12*1500*6000 | ||
| 14.0 | 14*1000*2000 | 14*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 16.0 | 16*1000*2000 | 16*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 18.0 | 18*1000*2000 | 18*1219*2438 | 18*1500*3000 | 18*1500*6000 | ||
| 20 | 20*1000*2000 | 20*1219*2438 | 20*1500*3000 | 20*1500*6000 |
Dabeecada sare ee kaarboon martensitic ahama (HCMSS) oo ka kooban qiyaastii 22.5 vol.% carbides oo ay ku jiraan chromium (Cr) iyo vanadium (V) oo ay ku jiraan maadooyin sare, ayaa lagu hagaajiyay dhalaalidda iftiinka elektarooniga ah (EBM).Qaab-dhismeedku wuxuu ka kooban yahay martensite iyo wejiyada austenite haraaga, submicron high V iyo micron high Cr carbides ayaa si siman loo qaybiyay, iyo engegnaanta waa mid aad u sareysa.CoF waxay hoos u dhacaysaa ku dhawaad 14.1% iyadoo ay sii kordhayso culayska dawladeed ee joogtada ah iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay wareejinta walxaha laga soo qaaday jidka duugoobay ee loo gudbiyay jidhka ka soo horjeeda.Marka la barbar dhigo birta qalabka martensitic ee si isku mid ah loola dhaqmo, heerka xidhashada HCMSS waxa ay ku dhowdahay isku mid marka loo eego rarka hooseeya.Habka xidhashada ugu weyn waa ka saarista shaxanka birta iyadoo la naaxinayo oo ay ku xigto oksaydhaynta jidka xidhashada, halka xidhidh saddex qaybood ka kooban ay ku dhacdo culays korodha.Meelaha qallafsanaanta balaastiigga ee ku hoos jira nabarrada xidhashada lagu aqoonsaday khariidaynta qallafsanaanta qaybaha.Dhacdooyin gaar ah oo dhaca marka xaaladaha xidhashadu korodho ayaa lagu tilmaamay dildilaaca karbidhida, jeexjeexa carrabide ee vanadium sare, iyo dildilaaca.Cilmi-baadhistani waxay iftiiminaysaa sifooyinka xidhashada ee wax-soo-saarka wax-ku-darka ah ee HCMSS, kaas oo waddada u xaari kara soo-saarka qaybaha EBM ee codsiyada xidhashada oo u dhexeeya ulaha ilaa caagagga la isku duro.
Birta aan birta lahayn (SS) waa qoys isku dhafan oo bir ah oo si ballaaran loogu isticmaalo hawada, baabuurta, cuntada iyo codsiyo kale oo badan sababtoo ah caabbinta daxalka sare iyo guryaha ku habboon farsamada1,2,3.Iska caabbinta daxalka sare waxay sabab u tahay maadada sare ee chromium (in ka badan 11.5 wt.%) ee HC, taas oo gacan ka geysata samaynta filim oksaydh ah oo leh maaddo chromium sare ah oogada1.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan darajooyinka birta aan la taaban karin waxa ku jira kaarboon yar oo sidaas darteed waxay leeyihiin adayg xaddidan oo xirtaan caabbinta, taasoo keentay hoos u dhaca nolosha adeegga ee qalabka la xiriira xirashada sida qaybaha soo degitaanka hawada4.Caadi ahaan waxay leeyihiin qallafsanaan hooseeya (inta u dhaxaysa 180 ilaa 450 HV), kaliya qaar ka mid ah kulaylka lagu daweeyay birta aan lahayn ee martensitic ayaa leh qallafsanaan sare (ilaa 700 HV) iyo kaarboon sare (ilaa 1.2 wt%), taas oo gacan ka geysan karta samaynta martensite.1. Marka la soo koobo, kaarboonka sare ee kaarboonku wuxuu hoos u dhigayaa heerkulka isbeddelka martensitic, taasoo u oggolaanaysa samaynta qaab-dhismeed buuxa oo martensitic ah iyo helitaanka qaab-dhismeed yar-yar oo u adkaysta heerarka qaboojinta sare.Wajiyada adag (tusaale, carbides) ayaa lagu dari karaa matrixka birta si loo sii wanaajiyo iska caabinta xidhashada dhinta.
Soo saarista wax-soo-saarka wax-soo-saarka (AM) waxay soo saari kartaa walxo cusub oo leh halabuurka la doonayo, qaababka qaab-dhismeed-yar, iyo sifooyin farsamo oo sarreeya5,6.Tusaale ahaan, dhalaalidda sariirta budada ah (PBF), oo ka mid ah hababka alxanka wax lagu daro ee aadka loo ganacsado, waxay ku lug leedahay dhigista budada daawaynta hore loo sameeyay si ay u sameeyaan qaybo si dhow u qaabaysan iyadoo la dhalaalinayo budada iyadoo la isticmaalayo ilo kulaylka sida laysarka ama alwaaxyada elektarooniga ah7.Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa muujiyay in qaybaha birta aan la taaban karin ee lagu daray ay ka fiicnaan karaan qaybaha dhaqan ahaan loo sameeyay.Tusaale ahaan, biraha austenitic ahama ee lagu sammeeyay habaynta wax lagu daro ayaa la muujiyay inay leeyihiin sifooyin farsamo oo heersare ah taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay qaabdhismeedkooda yar yar (ie, xidhiidhada Hall-Petch)3,8,9.Daawaynta kulaylka ee AM-ku-daaweeyay birta aan dawliga lahayn waxay soo saartaa roobab dheeraad ah oo bixiya sifooyin farsamo oo la mid ah dhiggooda caadiga ah3,10.Birta aan la isku dhejin ee laba-waji ah ee la qaatay oo leh xoog sare iyo qallafsanaan, lagu farsameeyay habayn lagu daro, halkaasoo guryaha farsamaysan ee la hagaajiyay ay sabab u tahay wejiyada intermetallic-ka ee chromium-hodanka ah ee qaab-dhismeed yar11.Intaa waxaa dheer, hagaajinta sifooyinka farsamada ee wax lagu daro martensitic engegan iyo PH ahama birta ah waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la xakameynayo austenite haynta ee qaab-dhismeedka yar iyo hagaajinta machining iyo cabbirada daaweynta kulaylka 3,12,13,14.
Ilaa hadda, sifooyinka tribological ee AM austenitic birta aan lahayn waxay heleen dareen ka badan kuwa kale ee birta ah.Habdhaqanka tribological ee laysarka dhalaalidda ee lakabka budada ah (L-PBF) ee lagu daaweeyay 316L ayaa la darsay iyadoo loo eegayo halbeegyada farsamaynta AM.Waxaa la muujiyay in yaraynta porosity-ka iyadoo la yareynayo xawaaraha iskaanka ama kordhinta awoodda laysarka ay hagaajin karto xirashada caabbinta15,16.Li et al.17 waxay tijaabisay xidhashada qalalan ee qalalan ee hoos yimaada qiyaaso kala duwan (load, inta jeer iyo heerkulka) waxayna muujisay in xirashada heerkulka qolka uu yahay habka ugu muhiimsan ee xirashada, iyada oo kordhinaysa xawaaraha silbashada iyo heerkulka kor u qaadaya oksida.Lakabka oksaydhka ee ka soo baxaa wuxuu hubiyaa hawlgalka xajinta, khilaafku wuxuu hoos u dhacaa heerkulka sii kordhaya, iyo heerka xidhashada ayaa kordha heerkulka sare.Daraasadaha kale, ku-darka qaybaha TiC18, TiB219, iyo SiC20 ee qaybaha L-PBF ee lagu daaweeyay 316L matrix waxay wanaajiyeen iska caabbinta xirashada iyada oo la samaynayo shaqo cufan oo adag lakabka jajabinta iyadoo la kordhinayo jajabka mugga ee qaybaha adag.Lakab oksaydh ilaalin ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu arkay L-PBF12 PH birta lagu daweeyay iyo SS11 birta duplex, taas oo muujinaysa in xaddididda austenite la hayo ee daawaynta kulaylka kadib12 ay hagaajin karto iska caabbinta xidhashada.Sida halkan lagu soo koobay, suugaantu waxay inta badan diiradda saartaa waxqabadka tribological ee taxanaha 316L SS, halka ay jirto xog yar oo ku saabsan waxqabadka tribological ee taxane ah oo martensitic ah oo lagu daro birta aan la soo saarin oo leh kaarboon aad u sarreeya.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) waa farsamo la mid ah L-PBF oo awood u leh sameynta qaab-dhismeedyo yaryar oo leh carbides refractory sida vanadium sare iyo chromium carbides sababtoo ah awoodda ay u leedahay in ay gaarto heerkul sare iyo heerarka iskaanka 21, 22. Suugaanta jirta ee ku saabsan habka EBM ee wax-soo-saarka steel waxaa inta badan diiradda saaraya go'aaminta xuduudaha processing ELM ugu fiican si aad u hesho microstructure ah oo aan dildilaaca iyo daloolada iyo hagaajinta guryaha farsamo23, 24, 25, 26, halka shaqada on sifooyinka tribological ee EBM daaweeyay birta ah.Ilaa hadda, habka xidhashada birta-kaarboon-martensitic ahama-sare ee lagu daweeyay ELR ayaa lagu daraaseeyay xaalado xaddidan, iyo qallafsanaanta balaastigga ah ayaa lagu soo warramey inay ku dhacdo hoos-u-dhac (tijaabada warqad ciid ah), qalalan, iyo xaaladaha nabaadguurka dhoobada27.
Daraasadani waxay baadhis ku samaysay iska caabinta xidhashada iyo sifooyinka is jiid jiidka ee kaarboon martensitic birta aan lahayn ee saraysa ee lagu daweeyay ELR iyadoo lagu hoos jiro xaalad qalalan oo qalalan oo hoos lagu sharaxay.Marka hore, sifooyinka qaab-dhismeedka yar yar ayaa lagu gartaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo iskaanka microscopy elektarooniga ah (SEM), tamarta kala firdhisan ee X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), kala-duwanaanta raajada iyo falanqaynta sawirka.Xogta laga helay hababkan ayaa markaa loo isticmaalaa saldhig u ah fiirsashada habdhaqanka tribological iyada oo loo marayo tijaabooyin qalalan oo iscelin ah oo ka hooseeya culeysyo kala duwan, iyo ugu dambeyntii morphology dusha sare ee xiran ayaa la baaraa iyadoo la adeegsanayo SEM-EDX iyo profilometers laser.Heerka xidhashada waa la qiyaasey waxaana la barbar dhigay birta qalabka martensitic ee la mid ah.Tan waxaa loo sameeyay si loo abuuro aasaas isbarbardhigga nidaamkan SS iyo hababka xirashada ee inta badan la isticmaalo ee leh nooc daawaynta oo kale ah.Ugu dambeyntii, khariidad isku-tallaabta ah ee dariiqa xirashada ayaa lagu muujiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo khariidad qallafsan algorithm taas oo muujinaysa qallafsanaanta caagga ah ee dhaca inta lagu jiro xiriirka.Waa in la ogaadaa in tijaabooyinka tribological ee daraasaddan loo sameeyay si loo fahmo sifooyinka tribological ee maaddadan cusub, oo aan loo ekeyn codsi gaar ah.Daraasadani waxay gacan ka geysataa fahamka wanaagsan ee sifooyinka tribological ee bir cusub oo martensitic ah oo aan lahayn wax lagu daro oo loogu talagalay codsiyada xirashada ee u baahan qalliinka jawi adag.
Tusaalooyinka birta sare ee kaarboon martensitic ahama (HCMSS) oo lagu daweeyay ELR oo hoos timaada magaca sumadda Vibenite® 350 waxaa soo saaray oo ay keentay VBN Components AB, Sweden.Halabuurka kiimikaad magaca ahaan ee muunadda: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Marka hore, muunado qallalan oo qalalan (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) ayaa laga sameeyay muunadaha leydi-xagalka ah ee la helay (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) iyada oo aan wax daaweyn ah oo ka dambeeya kulaylka iyadoo la adeegsanayo mashiinnada dareeraha korantada (EDM).Dabadeed shaybaarada ayaa si isdaba joog ah loogu daadiyay warqad ciid ah oo SiC ah oo leh cabbir hadhuudh ah 240 ilaa 2400 R si loo helo qallafsanaanta dusha sare (Ra) oo qiyaastii ah 0.15 μm.Intaa waxaa dheer, shaybaarada EBM-la daweeyay birta-kaarboon martensitic-ga sare (HCMTS) oo leh ka kooban kiimiko magac ahaan ah 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (ganacsi loo yaqaan Vibenite® 150) Sidoo kale loo diyaariyey si la mid ah.HCMTS waxa uu ka kooban yahay 8% karbohidde mug ahaan waxaana kaliya loo isticmaalaa in lagu barbardhigo xogta heerka xidhashada ee HCMSS.
Tilmaamaha qaab-dhismeed-yar ee HCMSS waxaa lagu sameeyay SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) oo ku qalabaysan raajo tamareed (EDX) XMax80 oo ka socota Oxford Instruments.Saddex sawir-gacmeed oo random ah oo ka kooban 3500 µm2 ayaa lagu qaaday qaab elektaroonig ah (BSE) ka dibna la falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo falanqaynta sawirka (ImageJ®)28 si loo go'aamiyo jajabka aagga (ie jajabka mugga), cabbirka iyo qaabka.Moofoloojiyada sifada ee la arkay awgeed, jajabka aagga waxaa loo qaatay si la mid ah jajabka mugga.Intaa waxaa dheer, qodobka qaabka carbide waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta qaabka qaabka (Shfa):
Halkan Ai waa aagga carbide (µm2) iyo Pi waa wareegga carbide (µm)29.Si loo aqoonsado wejiyada, kala-duwanaanta raajada budada (XRD) ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo raajada diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover with a LynxEye 1D strip detector) oo leh shucaaca Co-Kα (λ = 1.79026 Å).Sawirka muunada ee u dhaxaysa 2θ inta u dhaxaysa 35° ilaa 130° leh cabirka tallabada 0.02° iyo wakhti talaabo ah 2 ilbiriqsi.Xogta XRD waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo software-ka Diffract.EVA, kaas oo cusboonaysiiyay xogta crystallographic ee 2021. Intaa waxaa dheer, tijaabiyaha adkaanta Vickers (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo go'aamiyo microhardness.Marka loo eego heerka ASTM E384-17 30, 30 daabac ayaa lagu sameeyay muunado qaab-dhismeed ahaan loo diyaariyey oo ah 0.35 mm kordhinta 10 s ee 5 kgf.Qorayaashu waxay hore u astaameeyeen sifooyinka qaab-dhismeed ee HCMTS31.
Tribometer saxan kubbadda (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, USA) ayaa loo adeegsaday samaynta imtixaannada xidhashada qalalan, qaabaynta kaas oo lagu faahfaahiyay meel kale31.Halbeegyada imtixaanku waa sida soo socota: marka loo eego heerka 32 ASTM G133-05, culeyska 3 N, inta jeer ee 1 Hz, istaroogga 3 mm, muddada 1 saac.Kubadaha aluminium oxide (Al2O3, heerka saxda ah 28/ISO 3290) oo leh dhexroor 10 mm leh makrohardness ah oo ku saabsan 1500 HV iyo qallafsanaanta dusha sare (Ra) oo ku saabsan 0.05 µm, oo ay bixiso Redhill Precision, Czech Republic, ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii miisaan-kicin .Isku dheelitirka ayaa loo doortay si looga hortago saameynta oksaydheynta ee dhici karta sababtoo ah dheellitirka iyo in si fiican loo fahmo hababka xirashada ee muunadaha hoos yimaada xaaladaha xirashada daran.Waa in la ogaadaa in cabbirada imtixaanku ay la mid yihiin Ref.8 si loo barbardhigo xogta heerka xidhashada iyo daraasadaha jira.Intaa waxaa dheer, imtixaanno isdaba-joog ah oo isdaba-joog ah oo culeyskiisu yahay 10 N ayaa la sameeyay si loo xaqiijiyo waxqabadka tribological ee culeysyada sare, halka xuduudaha kale ee imtixaanku ay ahaayeen kuwo joogto ah.Cadaadiska hore ee xidhiidhka marka loo eego Hertz waa 7.7 MPa iyo 11.5 MPa at 3 N iyo 10 N, siday u kala horreeyaan.Inta lagu jiro tijaabada xirashada, xoogga is jiid jiidka waxaa la duubay inta jeer ee 45 Hz waxaana la xisaabiyay isku celceliska isugeynta khilaafada (CoF).Culays kasta, saddex cabbir ayaa lagu qaaday xaaladaha jawiga.
Habka xirashada waxaa la baaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo SEM ee kor lagu sharraxay, iyo falanqaynta EMF waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Aztec Acquisition wear software falanqaynta dusha sare.Dusha xijaaban ee cube-ga lamaanaha ah ayaa la baadhay iyadoo la isticmaalayo mikroskoob indhaha ah (Keyence VHX-5000, Japan).Shabakadeeyaha leysarka ee aan xidhiidhka ahayn (NanoFocus µScan, Jarmalka) ayaa sawiray calaamadda xidhashada oo leh xallin toosan oo ah ± 0.1 µm oo ay la socoto dhidibka z iyo 5 µm oo ay weheliyaan faashashyada x iyo y.Khariidadda nabarrada dusha sare ee nabarrada waxaa lagu abuuray Matlab® iyadoo la adeegsanayo x, y, z isku-duwayaasha laga helay cabbirrada astaanta.Dhowr astaamood oo toosan oo muuqaal ah oo laga soo saaray khariidadda astaanta dusha sare ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo xisaabiyo khasaaraha mugga daalashada ee waddada xirashada.Khasaaraha mugga waxaa loo xisaabiyay inuu yahay badeecadda celceliska qaybta isku-dhafan ee profile siligga iyo dhererka dariiqa xirashada, iyo faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo habkan ah ayaa horay u qeexay qorayaasha33.Laga soo bilaabo halkan, heerka xidhashada gaarka ah (k) waxaa laga helay qaacidooyinka soo socda:
Halkan V waa luminta mugga xirashada awgeed (mm3), W waa culeyska la dabaqay (N), L waa masaafada simbiriirixinta (mm), k waa heerka xirashada gaarka ah (mm3/Nm) 34.Xogta jajabka iyo khariidadaha muuqaalka kore ee HCMTS waxay ku jiraan walxo dheeri ah (Jaantuska Dheeraadka ah S1 iyo Jaantuska S2) si loo barbardhigo heerka xidhashada HCMSS.
Daraasaddan, khariidad adag oo iskutallaab ah oo ah dariiqa xidhashada ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo muujiyo habdhaqanka qallafsanaanta balaastiigga (tusaale adkaanta shaqada sababtoo ah cadaadiska xiriirka) ee aagga xirashada.Shaybaarada la sifeeyay waxaa lagu gooyay giraangiraha goynta aluminium oksaydh ee mashiinka goynta (Struers Accutom-5, Austria) waxaana lagu dahaadhay buundooyinka ciidda ee SiC laga bilaabo 240 ilaa 4000 P oo ay weheliyaan dhumucda shaybaarada.Cabbirka Microhardness ee 0.5 kgf 10 s iyo 0.1 mm masaafada waafaqsan ASTM E348-17.Daabacadaha waxaa lagu dhejiyay shabag leydi ah oo ah 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 qiyaastii 60 µm ka hooseeya dusha sare (Jaantuska 1) ka dibna khariidad adkaanta ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo koodka gaarka ah ee Matlab® ee lagu sifeeyay meel kale35.Intaa waxaa dheer, qaab-dhismeedka yar-yar ee qaybta isku-dhafka ah ee aagga xirashada ayaa la baaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo SEM.
Shaxda calaamadda xidhashada oo muujinaysa meesha qaybta iskutallaabtu (a) iyo mikrogaraafka indhaha ee khariidadda qallafsanaanta muujinaya calaamadda lagu aqoonsaday qaybta iskutallaabta (b).
Qaab-dhismeedka-yar ee HCMSS ee lagu daweeyay ELP waxa uu ka kooban yahay isku-xidhka carbide-ka isku-xidhka ah oo ay ku wareegsan tahay matrix (Jaantus. 2a, b).Falanqaynta EDX waxay muujisay in carbides cawl iyo mugdi ah ay yihiin chromium iyo carbides hodanka ah ee vanadium, siday u kala horreeyaan (Shaxda 1).Laga soo bilaabo falanqaynta sawirka, jajabka mugga carbides waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inuu yahay ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% karbohidratka sare ee chromium iyo ~ 4.3% vanadium karbides sare).Celcelis ahaan cabbirka hadhuudhka leh weecsanaanta caadiga ahi waa 0.64 ± 0.2 µm iyo 1.84 ± 0.4 µm V iyo Cr carbide hodanka ah, siday u kala horreeyaan (Jaantus. 2c, d).Carbides-ka sare ee V waxay u muuqdaan inay noqdaan kuwo wareegsan oo leh qaab muuqaal ah (± SD) oo ku saabsan 0.88 ± 0.03 sababtoo ah qiimaha qaabka qaabka u dhow 1 waxay u dhigantaa carbides wareegsan.Taas bedelkeeda, karbohaydraytyada chromium-ga sarreeya maaha kuwo wareegsan, oo leh qaab muuqaal ah oo ku saabsan 0.56 ± 0.01, taas oo laga yaabo inay sabab u tahay agglomeration.Martensite (α, bcc) iyo austenite la hayo (γ', fcc) meelaha ugu sarreeya kala duwanaanshiyaha ayaa lagu ogaaday qaabka raajada ee HCMSS sida ku cad sawirka 2e.Intaa waxaa dheer, qaabka raajada ayaa muujinaysa joogitaanka karbide sare.Carbides chromium sare ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin M3C2 iyo M23C6 nooca carbide.Sida laga soo xigtay xogta suugaanta, 36,37,38 diffraction ugu sarreeya ee VC carbides ayaa lagu duubay ≈43 ° iyo 63 °, taas oo soo jeedinaysa in VC-ga ugu sarreeya ay dabooleen M23C6 ugu sarreeya ee karbides-ka hodanka ah (Jaantus. 2e).
Qaab-dhismeed-yar oo ah birta-kaarboon-sarreeya martensitic ahama oo lagu daweeyay EBL (a) weynayn hoose iyo (b) weynayn sare, oo muujinaya chromium iyo vanadium carbides qani ah iyo matrix bir ah oo aan bir lahayn (qaabka dib-u-celinta elektiroonigga ah).Garaafyada bar ee muujinaya qaybinta cabbirka hadhuudhka ee chromium-hodon (c) iyo vanadium- taajir (d) carbide.Habka raajada ayaa muujinaysa joogitaanka martensite, austenite la hayo iyo karbides ee qaab-dhismeedka yar yar (d).
Celcelis ahaan microhardness waa 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, taas oo muujinaysa qallafsanaan aad u sarreeya marka loo eego sida caadiga ah ee martensitic ahamaaha (450 HV) 1 iyada oo aan la daaweyn kulayl.Adkeydka nanoindentation ee karbides-ka sare ee V iyo karbides sare ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay u dhexeeyaan 12 iyo 32.5 GPa39 iyo 13–22 GPa40, siday u kala horreeyaan.Haddaba, adkaanta sare ee HCMSS ee lagu daweeyay ELP waxa sabab u ah kaarboonka oo sarreeya, kaas oo kor u qaada samaynta shabakad carbide ah.Sidaa darteed, HSMSS ee lagu daweeyay ELP waxay muujinaysaa sifooyin qaab-dhismeed-yar oo wanaagsan iyo adkaansho iyada oo aan wax daawayn ah oo dheeraad ah laga helin.
Curyaaminta celceliska isku-dhafka isku-dhafka ah (CoF) ee muunadaha 3 N iyo 10 N ayaa lagu soo bandhigay jaantuska 3, kala duwanaanshaha ugu yar iyo ugu badnaan qiyamka khilaafku waxa lagu calaamadeeyay hadhka translucent.Qalooc kastaa wuxuu muujiyaa marxaladda ordaya iyo marxalad xaaladeed oo joogto ah.Marxaladda orodku waxay ku dhammaanaysaa 1.2 m oo leh CoF (± SD) ee 0.41 ± 0.24.3 N iyo 3.7 m oo leh CoF ee 0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, ka hor inta aan la gelin marxaladda xasilloonida marka khilaafku istaago.degdeg uma beddelo.Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay aagga xidhiidhka yar iyo qallafsanaanta bilowga hore ee qallafsanaanta, xoogga is jiid-jiidka ayaa si degdeg ah u kordhay inta lagu guda jiro marxaladda orodka ee 3 N iyo 10 N, halkaas oo xoog xoog leh oo sarreeya iyo masaafada dheer ee luminta ay ka dhacday 10 N, taas oo laga yaabo inay sababto. xaqiiqda ah in Marka la barbardhigo 3 N, dhaawaca dusha sare waa ka sarreeyaa.3 N iyo 10 N, qiimaha CoF ee marxaladda taagan waa 0.78 ± 0.05 iyo 0.67 ± 0.01, siday u kala horreeyaan.CoF ficil ahaan waa mid deggan 10 N oo si tartiib tartiib ah u kordheysa 3 N. Suugaanta xaddidan, CoF ee L-PBF waxay daaweysey birta aan fiicnayn marka la barbar dhigo unugyada falcelinta dhoobada ee culeysyada hooseeya ee codsadaha waxay u dhexeeyaan 0.5 ilaa 0.728, 20, 42, taas oo ku jirta heshiis wanaagsan oo lala yeeshay qiyamka CoF ee daraasaddan.Hoos-u-dhaca CoF-da oo korodhay culayska joogtada ah (qiyaastii 14.1%) waxa loo aanayn karaa nabaad-guurka dusha sare ee ka dhaca is-dhexgalka u dhexeeya dusha duugan iyo dhiggiisa, kaas oo lagu sii falanqayn doono qaybta xigta iyada oo loo marayo falanqaynta dusha sare ee muunado xiran.
Qaybaha kala go'a ee shaybaarada VSMSS ee lagu daweeyay ELP ee dariiqyada silbanaya ee 3 N iyo 10 N, weji taagan ayaa loo calaamadeeyay qalooca kasta.
Heerarka xirashada gaarka ah ee HKMS (625.7 HV) waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3/Nm iyo 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm at 3 N iyo 10 N, siday u kala horreeyaan (Jaantus. 4).Markaa, heerka xidhashadu wuxuu kordhiyaa culeyska sii kordhaya, kaas oo si wanaagsan ula socda daraasadaha jira ee austenite ee lagu daweeyay L-PBF iyo PH SS17,43.Isla xaaladaha tribological, heerka xidhashada ee 3 N waxay ku saabsan tahay shan meelood meel ahaan in austenitic ahama lagu daweeyay L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3 / Nm, 229 HV), sida kiiskii hore .8. Intaa waxaa dheer, heerka xirashada ee HCMSS ee 3 N ayaa si aad ah uga hooseeya kuwa caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'austenitic steels steels' iyo, gaar ahaan, ka sarreeya kuwa aad u cadaadisay isotropic (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./ Nm, 176 HV) iyo kabka (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 156 HV) birta austenitic ahama, 8, siday u kala horreeyaan.Marka la barbar dhigo daraasadahan suugaanta, iska caabbinta xirashada ee soo hagaagtay ee HCMSS waxaa loo aaneynayaa kaarboonka sarreeya iyo shabakadda carbide ee la sameeyay taasoo keentay qallafsanaan ka sarreeya birta austenitic-ka ah ee sida caadiga ah loo farsameeyay.Si loo sii daraaseeyo heerka xidhashada ee muunadaha HCMSS, mid la mid ah mashiinada sare ee kaarboon martensitic Tool steel (HCMTS) muunad (oo ay adag tahay 790 HV) ayaa lagu tijaabiyey xaalado la mid ah (3 N iyo 10 N) marka la barbardhigo;Walxaha dheeriga ah waa HCMTS Dusha Maabka (Jaantuska Dheeraadka ah S2).Heerka xirashada HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10-6 mm3/Nm) waxay la mid tahay kan HCMTS ee 3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm), taas oo muujinaysa iska caabin aad u fiican. .Sifooyinkan waxaa inta badan loo nisbeeyaa sifada qaab-dhismeed-yar ee HCMSS (tusaale ka kooban carbide sare, cabbirka, qaabka iyo qaybinta qaybaha karbidhida ee shaxda, sida lagu qeexay Qaybta 3.1).Sida hore loo soo sheegay31,44, kaarbiidku waxa ku jira waxa uu saameeyaa ballaca iyo qoto dheer ee nabarrada xidhashada iyo habka xidhashada yar-yar.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ku jira karbidhidu kuma filna si loo ilaaliyo dhimashada 10 N, taas oo keentay in uu kordho xidhidh.Qaybta soo socota, xidhashada qaab-dhismeedka dusha sare iyo sawir-gacmeedka waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sharaxo xidhashada hoose iyo hababka qallooca ee saameeya heerka xidhashada HCMSS.Marka la joogo 10 N, heerka xidhashada VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) wuu ka sarreeyaa kan VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10–6 mm3/Nm).Taa beddelkeeda, heerarka xidhashadani weli aad bay u sarreeyaan: xaaladaha tijaabada ee la midka ah, heerka xidhashada dahaarka ee ku salaysan chromium iyo stelite wuu ka hooseeyaa kan HCMSS45,46.Ugu dambeyntii, sababtoo ah adkaanta sare ee alumina (1500 HV), heerka xirashada isku-xidhka ayaa ahaa mid aan yarayn oo calaamadaha wareejinta walxaha laga soo qaaday muunada ilaa kubbadaha aluminiumka ayaa la helay.
Xiro gaar ah oo ku saabsan mashiinka ELR ee birta-kaarboonka sare ee birta birta ah (HMCSS), Mashiinka ELR ee qalabka birta kaarboon martensitic (HCMTS) iyo L-PBF, tuurista iyo cadaadiska isotropic sare (HIP) mashiinka birta austenitic ahama (316LSS) codsiyo kala duwan xawaaraha waa la raray.Kala-saarku wuxuu muujinayaa leexashada caadiga ah ee cabbirada.Xogta austenitic steels-ka waxaa laga soo qaatay 8.
In kasta oo waxyaabaha adag ee ay ka midka yihiin chromium iyo stellite ay bixin karaan iska caabbinta xidhashada ka fiican marka loo eego nidaamyada daawaynta lagu daro ee lagu daro, mashiinnada wax lagu daro waxa ay hagaajin karaan qaab-dhismeedka yaryar, gaar ahaan agabyada cufnaanta kala duwan leh.hawlgallada qaybta dhamaadka;iyo (3) abuurista muuqaalo cusub oo dusha sare ah sida dareeraha firfircoon ee isku dhafan.Intaa waxaa dheer, AM waxay bixisaa dabacsanaan naqshadeynta joomatari.Daraasaddan ayaa si gaar ah ugu cusub oo muhiim ah maadaama ay muhiim tahay in la caddeeyo sifooyinka xirashada ee birahan cusub ee la sameeyay ee EBM, kuwaas oo suugaanta hadda jirta ay aad u xaddidan tahay.
Qaab-dhismeedka dusha sare ee duugoobay iyo qaab-dhismeedka muunadaha xidhan ee 3 N ayaa lagu muujiyey fig.5, halkaas oo habka ugu weyn ee xirashada ay tahay nabarro ay ku xigto oksidation.Marka hore, substrate-ka birta ayaa si caag ah u qaabaysan ka dibna laga saaray si ay u sameeyaan godadka 1 ilaa 3 µm qoto dheer, sida ku cad astaanta dusha sare (Jaantus. 5a).Kulaylka is jiid jiidka ah ee ka dhasha simbiriirrada joogtada ah awgeed, walxaha la saaray waxa ay ku hadhayaan is-dhexgalka nidaamka tribological, samaynta lakab tribological ah oo ka kooban jasiirado yaryar oo oksaydh bir ah oo sarreeya oo ku wareegsan chromium sare iyo carbides vanadium (Jaantus 5b iyo Shaxda 2).), sida sidoo kale lagu soo warramey austenitic birta aan lahayn ee lagu daweeyey L-PBF15,17.On berde.5c waxay muujinaysaa oksaydhyodh aad u daran oo ka dhacaya badhtamaha nabarrada xidhashada.Sidaa darteed, samaynta lakabka jilicsanaanta waxaa fududeynaya burburinta lakabka jajabka (ie, lakabka oksaydhka) (Jaantus. 5f) ama ka saarida walxaha waxay ku dhacdaa meelaha daciifka ah ee ku dhex jira qaab-dhismeed yar, taas oo dardargelinaysa ka saarista walxaha.Labada xaaladoodba, burburinta lakabka jajabku waxay keenaysaa samaynta alaabada xidhashada ee interface, taas oo noqon karta sababta u janjeera kororka CoF ee gobolka 3N ee joogtada ah (Jaantus 3).Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira calaamado xirmo saddex-qaybood ah oo ay sababaan oxides iyo qaybo dabacsan oo dabacsan oo ku yaala jidka xirashada, taas oo ugu dambeyntii keenta in la sameeyo xoqid yaryar oo ku yaal substrate (Jaantus. 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Muuqaalka dusha sare (a) iyo sawir-qaade (b-f) ee qaab-dhismeedka dusha sare ee xirashada birta-kaarboon-martensitic-ka-sare ee birta-kaarboonka-sare ee lagu daweeyay ELP at 3 N, qaybta is-dhaafka ah ee calaamadda xirashada ee qaabka BSE (d) iyo mikroskoobyada indhaha dusha sare ee 3 N (g) aluminium spheres.
Xadhkaha sibidhka ah ee lagu sameeyay substrate-ka birta, oo tilmaamaya qallafsanaanta balaastiig sababtoo ah xidhashada (Jaantus. 5e).Natiijooyin la mid ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu helay daraasad ku saabsan dabeecadda xirashada ee SS47 austenitic birta lagu daweeyay L-PBF.Dib-u-habaynta carbides-ka hodanka ah ee vanadium waxay sidoo kale muujinaysaa qallooca balaastikada ee matrixka birta inta lagu jiro silbashada (Jaantus. 5e).Micrographs ee qaybta iskutallaabta ee calaamadda xirashada waxay muujineysaa joogitaanka godad yaryar oo wareegsan oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin microcracks (Jaantus. 5d), taas oo laga yaabo inay sabab u tahay qallafsanaanta balaastigga ah ee u dhow dusha sare.Wareejinta walxaha ku jirta qaybaha aluminium oxide waxay ahayd mid xaddidan, halka goobuhu ay sii ahaan jireen (Jaantus. 5g).
Balaadhka iyo qoto dheeraanta xidhashada shaybaarada ayaa kordhay culayska sii kordhaya (10 N), sida ku cad khariidadda dusha sare (Jaantus. 6a).Abrasion iyo oksaydhaynta ayaa weli ah hababka xidhashada ugu weyn, iyo kororka tirada yar ee xoqitaanka ee wadada xirashada waxay muujineysaa in xirashada seddexda qaybood ay sidoo kale ku dhacdo 10 N (Jaantus. 6b).Falanqaynta EDX waxay muujisay samaynta jasiiradaha oksaydh ee qani ku ah birta.Al ugu sarreysa ee spectra ayaa xaqiijiyay in wareejinta walaxda ka soo jeeda dhigeeda ee muunadku ka dhacay 10 N (Jaantus. 6c iyo Shaxda 3), halka aan lagu arkin 3 N (Shaxda 2).Dharka saddexda jirka ah waxaa sababa xirashada qaybo ka yimid jasiiradaha oksaydhka iyo analoogyada, halkaas oo falanqaynta EDX tafatiran ay daaha ka qaaday in walxaha laga qaaday analogs (Jaantuska Dheeraadka ah S3 iyo Shaxda S1).Horumarinta jasiiradaha oksaydhku waxay la xidhiidhaan godad qoto dheer, kaas oo sidoo kale lagu arkay 3N (Sawir 5).Dildilaaca iyo kala qaybsanaanta karbiidku waxay inta badan ku dhacaan karbides qani ku ah 10 N Cr (Jaantus. 6e, f).Intaa waxaa dheer, karbides-ka sare ee V-ku wuu jajabiyaa oo xidhaa matrixka ku xeeran, taas oo iyaduna keenta xirmo saddex qaybood ah.God la mid ah cabbirka iyo qaabka kan sare ee V-carbide (oo lagu muujiyay goobada cas) ayaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqday qaybta iskutallaabta ee jidka (Jaantus. 6d) (eeg cabbirka carbide iyo falanqaynta qaabka. 3.1), taas oo muujinaysa in sare V carbide V waxay ka jajabin kartaa jaantuska 10 N. Qaabka wareega ee carbides-ka sare ee V ayaa ka qaybqaata saameynta jiidashada, halka karbohidraatka sare ee Cr-ka sare ay u nugul yihiin inay dillaacaan (Jaantus. 6e, f).Dabeecaddan guul-darradu waxay muujinaysaa in matrix-ku uu ka sarre maray awoodda uu u leeyahay inuu u adkaysto qallafsanaanta caagga ah iyo in qaab-dhismeedku aanu bixinayn awood ku filan oo saameyn ku leh 10 N. Dillaaca tooska ah ee dusha sare (Jaantus. 6d) waxay muujinaysaa xoojinta qallafsanaanta caaga ah ee dhaca inta lagu jiro silbashada.Marka uu culeysku kordho waxaa jira wareejinta walxaha laga soo qaaday jidka xiran ee kubbadda alumina (Sawir 6g), taas oo noqon karta xaalad joogto ah 10 N. Sababta ugu weyn ee hoos u dhaca qiimaha CoF (Jaantus 3).
Muuqaalka dusha sare (a) iyo sawir-qaade (b-f) ee dusha sare ee sawir-qaadaha (b-f) ee birta-kaarboon-martensitic ahama-sare ee lagu daweeyay EBA at 10 N, xidho jidka iskutallaabta ee qaabka BSE (d) iyo dusha mikroskoob indhaha ee aluminium sphere at 10 N (g).
Inta lagu jiro xirashada simbiriirixidda, dusha sare waxaa lagu soo rogaa cadaadis iyo cadaadisyo xiirid ka-hortagga jirka, taasoo keentay cillad balaastiig ah oo ku hoos jirta dusha sare ee xiran34,48,49.Sidaa darteed, adkaanta shaqadu waxay ka dhici kartaa meel ka hooseysa dusha sare sababtoo ah qallafsanaanta balaastikada, saameynaya xirashada iyo hababka qallafsanaanta kuwaas oo go'aaminaya dabeecadda xirashada alaabta.Sidaa darteed, khariidaynta qallafsanaanta qaybaha (sida lagu faahfaahiyay Qaybta 2.4) ayaa lagu sameeyay daraasaddan si loo go'aamiyo horumarinta aagga qallafsanaanta caaga ah (PDZ) ee ka hooseeya dariiqa xirashada sida shaqada culeyska.Maaddaama, sida lagu sheegay qaybaha hore, calaamado cad cad oo qallafsan balaastig ah ayaa lagu arkay meel ka hooseysa raadinta xirashada (Jaantus. 5d, 6d), gaar ahaan 10 N.
On berde.Jaantuska 7 wuxuu muujinayaa jaantusyada qallafsanaanta qaybaha ee calaamadaha xidhashada ee HCMSS ee lagu daweeyay ELP ee 3 N iyo 10 N. Waxaa xusid mudan in qiimayaashan adagaanta loo adeegsaday tusmaynta si loo qiimeeyo saamaynta adkaynta shaqada.Isbeddelka adkaanta ee ka hooseeya calaamadda xirashada waa 667 ilaa 672 HV ee 3 N (Jaantus. 7a), taas oo muujinaysa in adkeynta shaqadu ay tahay mid aan muuqan.Malaha, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay xallinta hoose ee khariidadda microhardness (sida masaafada u dhaxaysa calaamadaha), habka cabbiraadda qallafsanaantu ma ogaan karto isbeddellada adayga.Taas bedelkeeda, aagagga PDZ ee leh qiyamka qallafsanaanta ee 677 ilaa 686 HV oo leh qoto dheer oo ah 118 µm iyo dhererka 488 µm ayaa lagu arkay 10 N (Jaantus. 7b), kaas oo la xidhiidha ballaca wadada xirashada (Jaantus 7b). Sawirka 6a)).Xog la mid ah oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha cabbirka PDZ ee culeyska leh ayaa laga helay daraasad xirmo ah oo ku saabsan SS47 oo lagu daweeyay L-PBF.Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in joogitaanka austenite la hayo ay saamayso ductility ee birta la isku daray ee 3, 12, 50, iyo austenite la hayo waxay isu beddeshaa martensite inta lagu jiro qallafsanaanta caaga ah (saamaynta caaga ah ee isbeddelka wejiga), taas oo kor u qaadaysa adkaynta shaqada birta.birta 51. Maadaama muunada VCMSS ay ku jirto austenite la hayo iyadoo la raacayo qaabka kala-duwanaanta raajada ee hore looga hadlay (Jaantus. 2e), waxaa la soo jeediyay in austenite la hayo ee microstructure-ka ay u bedeli karto martensite inta lagu jiro xiriirka, taas oo kordhinaysa adkaanta PDZ ( Sawirka 7b).Intaa waxaa dheer, samaynta silbashooyinka ku dhaca jidka xirashada (Jaantus. 5e, 6f) waxay sidoo kale muujinaysaa qallafsanaanta balaastiigga ee ay sababtay qulqulka kala-baxa ee hoos yimaada ficilka cadaadiska dhogorta ee xiriirka silbashada.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diiqada xiirta ee lagu soo rogay 3 N kuma filna inay soo saarto cufnaanta sare ee kala-baxa ama isbeddelka austenite ee la hayo ee martensite lagu arkay habka loo isticmaalo, sidaas darteed adkeynta shaqada ayaa lagu arkay kaliya 10 N (Jaantus 7b).
Jaantusyada qallafsanaanta ee qaybaha isdhaafsiga ee raadadka birta-kaarboon-martensitic-ka-sare ee birta-kaarboon-ka-sarreeya ee mashiinada dareeraha korantada ee 3 N (a) iyo 10 N (b).
Daraasadani waxay muujinaysaa hab-dhaqanka xidhashada iyo sifooyinka qaab-dhismeed-yar ee bir cusub oo kaarboon martensitic ah oo aan lahayn oo lagu daweeyay ELR.Tijaabooyin dhar qallalan ayaa lagu sameeyay simbiriirixashada culeysyo kala duwan, iyo muunado xiran ayaa lagu baaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo microscopy elektaroonig ah, profilometer laser iyo khariidado qallafsan oo ah qaybaha iskutallaabta ee wadooyinka xirashada.
Falanqaynta qaab-dhismeedku waxay daaha ka qaaday qaybinta isku midka ah ee karbides oo leh maaddo sare oo chromium (~ 18.2% carbides) iyo vanadium (~ 4.3% carbides) oo ku jira matrix of martensite oo lagu hayo austenite oo leh microhardness sare.Hababka xidhashada ugu badan waa xidhashada iyo oksaydhaynta ee culaysyo hooseeya, halka xidhashada saddex jirka ah oo ay sababto kaarbides-V-sare ee fidsan iyo oksaydhyada hadhuudhka dabacsan ay sidoo kale gacan ka geystaan xidhashada culaysyada sii kordhaya.Heerarka xirashada ayaa ka fiican L-PBF iyo mashiinada caadiga ah ee austenitic ahama, iyo xitaa la mid ah kuwa EBM biraha mashiinada ee culeyska hooseeya.Qiimaha CoF wuxuu hoos u dhacayaa culeyska sii kordhaya sababtoo ah u wareejinta walxaha jirka ka soo horjeeda.Isticmaalka habka khariidaynta qallafsanaanta qaybaha, aagga qallafsanaanta balaastigga ayaa lagu muujiyay calaamadda xirashada hoosteeda.Sifaynta hadhuudhka ee suurtogalka ah iyo kala-guurka wejiga ee shaxanka ayaa si dheeraad ah loo baari karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo falcelinta elektarooniga ah si loo fahmo saameynta adkeynta shaqada.Xallinta hoose ee khariidadda microhardness ma ogola aragtida aagga xidhashada ee adkaanta culaysyada hooseeya, sidaa darteed nanoindentation waxay ku siin kartaa xallinta isbeddelka adagaanta xallinta sare iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaab la mid ah.
Daraasadani waxay soo bandhigaysaa markii ugu horeysay falanqeyn dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan iska caabinta xidhashada iyo sifooyinka is-jiidhka ee birta cusub ee kaarboon martensitic ahama ee lagu daweeyay ELR.Iyadoo la tixgelinayo xorriyadda naqshadeynta joomatari ee AM iyo suurtagalnimada in la yareeyo tillaabooyinka mashiinnada AM, cilmi-baaristan waxay u gogol xaari kartaa soo saarista walxahan cusub iyo isticmaalkeeda aaladaha la xiriira xirashada laga bilaabo ulaha ilaa caaryada duritaan caag ah oo leh kanaalka qaboojinta adag.
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